This video shows early nervous system development in the human embryo from approximately 15 to 28 days after fertilization.
Developed by Dr. Patricia E. Phelps and Dr. Ata Alijani in collaboration with Dr. Sanjiv Gambhir and James Strommer of the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging at UCLA. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (IBN-9734550), the UCLA Office of Instructional Development, the Jennifer Jones Simon Foundation, and the Dana Foundation.
','Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes',181,182); New_Tutorial(7, 'Activity', 'Activity0702.dcr', 'Development of the Nervous System', 552, 436,'Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes',181,182); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0703.mov', 'Brain Development', 480, 376, 'This animation shows the development of major brain structures in the human embryo from approximately 27 days after fertilization to birth.
Developed by Dr. Patricia E. Phelps and Dr. Ata Alijani in collaboration with Dr. Sanjiv Gambhir and James Strommer of the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging at UCLA. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (IBN-9734550), the UCLA Office of Instructional Development, the Jennifer Jones Simon Foundation, and the Dana Foundation.
','Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes',181,182); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0704.mov', 'Patterns and Dynamics of SVZ Cell Migration 1', 252, 204, 'Glial cells are produced throughout life. Around the time of birth in rats, glial progenitor cells are manufactured in the forebrain subventricular zone and migrate into surrounding structures. In this video, glial progenitors that have been tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) migrate through the cortex. Note that most cells migrate radially toward the pia mater (toward top of screen), but one cell migrates tangentially, and one cell changes direction.
Courtesy of Kakita, A. and Goldman, J.E.; Neuron, Vol. 23, 461-472, July, 1999
','Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages',182,197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0705.mov', 'Patterns and Dynamics of SVZ Cell Migration 2', 252, 204, 'Glial cells are produced throughout life. Around the time of birth in rats, glial progenitor cells are manufactured in the forebrain subventricular zone and migrate into surrounding structures. In this video, glial progenitors that have been tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) migrate through the striatum (the caudate nucleus and putamen). Note the right-angle turns made by many of the cells.
Courtesy of Kakita, A. and Goldman, J.E.; Neuron, Vol. 23, 461-472, July, 1999
','Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages',182,197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0706s.swf', 'Stages of Neuronal Development', 572, 480,'Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages',182,197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0707.mov', 'Migration of a Neuron along a Radial Glial Cell', 256, 256, 'Radial glial cells act as guide wires for the migration of neurons. This video shows an immature cerebellar granule cell neuron migrating along a radial glial fiber in tissue culture. In the brain, migrating neurons move along glial cells from the inner surface (ventricular zone) to the outer surface (marginal zone) of the emerging nervous system.
','Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages',182,197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0708.mov', 'Growth Cones', 400, 316, 'Time-lapse video microscpy of retinal growth cones presented at 420 times normal axon growth rate. During synaptogenesis, growth cones help axons and dendrites elongate toward target cells. Narrow structures known as filopodia reach out from the growth cone into the extracellular environment. Growth cones orient to and follow a chemical gradient released by the target cells. In this video, the growth cones follow a gradient of protein released from a micropipette.
Video by Eric Birgbauer PhD and David Sretavan MD PhD, University of California San Francisco, Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology. Research support from NIH National Eye Institute and the That Man May See Foundation.
','Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages',182,197); New_Tutorial(8, 'Activity', 'Activity0801.dcr', 'Skin Receptors', 552, 436, 'Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells', 221, 222); New_Tutorial(8, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0802s.swf', 'Somatosensory Receptive Fields', 572, 480, 'Sensory Information Processing Is Selective and Analytical',222,228); New_Tutorial(8, 'Activity', 'Activity0803.dcr', 'Pain Pathways', 552, 436,'Human Pain Can Be Measured',236,245); New_Tutorial(9,'Tutorial', 'Activity0901s.swf', 'Sound Transduction', 572, 480,'Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing',250,256); New_Tutorial(9,'Activity', 'Activity0902.dcr', 'Organ of Corti', 560, 420,'Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing',250,256); New_Tutorial(9,'Tutorial', 'Activity0903s.swf', 'Mapping Auditory Frequencies', 572, 480,'Auditory System Pathways Run from the Brainstem to the Cortex',256,258); New_Tutorial(10,'Tutorial', 'Activity1001s.swf', 'Visual Pathways in the Human Brain', 572, 480, 'The Visual System Extends from the Eye to the Brain',289,289); New_Tutorial(10,'Activity', 'Activity1002.dcr', 'The Structure of the Eye', 552, 436, 'The Eye Is Both an Optical Device and a Neural Organ', 289,299); New_Tutorial(10,'Tutorial', 'Activity1003s.swf', 'Receptive Fields in the Retina', 572, 480,'Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields',300,307); New_Tutorial(10,'Tutorial', 'Activity1004s.swf', 'Spatial-Frequency Analysis', 572, 480,'Neurons at Different Levels of the Visual System Have Very Different Receptive Fields',300,307); New_Tutorial(11,'Activity', 'Activity1101.dcr', 'Extrapyramidal Motor System', 552, 436,'Extrapyramidal Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands',342,350); New_Tutorial(11,'Tutorial', 'Activity1102s.swf', 'From Input to Output', 572, 480,'We Can Trace a Choice Response from Input to Output',350,351); New_Tutorial(12,'Activity', 'Activity1201.dcr', 'Female Reproductive Anatomy', 552, 436,'The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity',363,366); New_Tutorial(12,'Activity', 'Activity1202.dcr', 'Male Reproductive Anatomy', 552, 436,'The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior Is Diversity',363,366); New_Tutorial(12,'Tutorial', 'Activity1203s.swf', 'Aromatization Hypothesis', 572, 480,'Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior',373,378); New_Tutorial(14, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1401s.swf', 'Biological Rhythms', 572, 480, 'Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity', 419,421, 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(14, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1402s.swf', 'A Molecular Clock', 572, 480, 'The Hypothalamus Houses an Endogenous Circadian Clock', 421, 426, 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(14, 'Activity', 'Activity1403.dcr', 'Stages of Sleep', 552, 436, 'Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages', 427, 431, 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(14, 'Activity', 'Activity1404.dcr', 'Sleep Mechanisms', 552, 436, 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(14, 'Video', 'Activity1405.mov', 'Cat, Dog, and Human Sleep Activity', 320, 256, 'Part 1: A cat acting out its dreams after a brain lesionThis dog was a pet and did not receive any brain lesion, but developed this condition spontaneously. After falling into slow wave sleep, the dog enters REM sleep and begins running, eventually partially righting itself up before lying down to run a bit more.
Part 3: REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)This gentleman was brought to the sleep lab because he began showing vigorous activity during sleep at home. EEG recordings revealed that it was during REM sleep that he sometimes began running frantically, fighting some unseen foe that is presumably a product of his dreaming. These are the symptoms of REM Behavior Disorder (RBD).
', 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(14, 'Video', 'Activity1406.mov', 'Rat Sleep Activity', 320, 256, 'A rat acting out its dreams after a brain lesionThis narcoleptic dachshund completely loses muscle tone without loss of consciousness when excited. Researchers at the Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy study narcolepsy both in humans and in animal models.
Courtesy of Dr. Emmanuel Mignot and the Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy. For more information, see L. Lin et al., 1999. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 98(3):365-376.
', 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep',439,444); New_Tutorial(15, 'Activity', 'Activity1501.dcr', 'Conditioned Fear Response', 552, 436, 'Do Distinct Brain Circuits Mediate Emotions?', 460,469); New_Tutorial(15, 'Activity', 'Activity1502.dcr', 'The Stress Response and Pathologic Consequences of Prolonged Stress', 552, 436,'Stress and Emotions Are Related to Some Human Diseases',474,478); New_Tutorial(16, 'Activity', 'Activity1601.dcr', 'A Neural Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder', 552, 436,'There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders',502,507); New_Tutorial(17, 'Activity', 'Activity1701.dcr', 'Learning and Memory', 552, 436,'There Are Several Kinds of Memory and Learning',517,520); New_Tutorial(17, 'Activity', 'Activity1702.jpg', 'The “Tower of Hanoi” Problem', 320, 165, 'This activity is an example of the type of cognitive skill task used in brain imaging studies. Click the link below to open the puzzle in a new window.In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the first trial for the nontransgenic mouse with the hidden platform in an unlearned location. The mouse finds the platform after 52.6 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(18,'Video', 'Activity1804.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, Non-transgenic mouse (Trial 3)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the third trial for the nontransgenic mouse. The mouse has apparently learned the location of the platform, swimming directly to it in 10.9 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(18,'Video', 'Activity1805.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, Non-transgenic mouse (Trial 5)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the fifth trial for the nontransgenic mouse. The mouse finds the platform after 14.9 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(18,'Video', 'Activity1806.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 1)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the first trial for the transgenic mouse with the hidden platform in an unlearned location. The mouse finds the platform after 29.7 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(18,'Video', 'Activity1807.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 3)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the third trial for the transgenic mouse. Although the normal mouse was able to swim directly to the platform on the third trial (in 10.9 seconds), the transgenic mouse is unable to find the platform and is removed after the maximum time allowed for a trial (90 seconds).
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(18,'Video', 'Activity1808.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 5)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the fifth trial for the transgenic mouse. The mouse does not perform significantly better than it did on the first trial, still taking 29.1 seconds to find the platform.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
','Memory Formation Can Be Modulated',564,565); New_Tutorial(19,'Activity', 'Activity1901.dcr', 'Speech and Language Areas', 552, 436,'Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Injuries',577,585); New_Tutorial(20,'Tutorial', 'ActivityA01s.swf', 'Gel Electrophoresis', 572, 480,'Molecular Biologists Have Craftily Enslaved Microorganisms and Enzymes','A-3','A-4'); /* New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0201.dcr', 'The Cranial Nerves', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0202.dcr', 'Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0203.dcr', 'Concept Matching: Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic', 560, 204, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0204.dcr', 'Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain, Lateral View', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0205.dcr', 'Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain, Midsaggital View', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0206.dcr', 'Gross Anatomy of the Human Brain, Basal View', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0207.dcr', 'The Developing Brain', 552, 436, 'The Nervous System Consists of Central and Peripheral Divisions', 30, 39); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0208.dcr', 'The Cerebellum', 552, 436, 'Brain Structures Can Be Described on the Basis of Function', 39, 43); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0209.dcr', 'The Cerebral Ventricles', 552, 436, 'The Brain Is Well Protected and Has an Abundant Blood Supply', 43, 45); New_Tutorial(2, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0210.dcr', 'Visualizing the Living Human Brain', 552, 460, 'Newer Imaging Techniques Allow Us to Look into the Living Human Brain', 45, 49); New_Tutorial(2, 'Activity', 'Activity0211.dcr', 'Major Components and Classification of Neurons', 552, 436, 'The Cells of the CNS Are Specialized for Processing and Transmitting Information', 49, 58); New_Tutorial(3, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0301.dcr', 'The Resting Membrane Potential', 552, 460, 'Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System', 61, 78); New_Tutorial(3, 'Activity', 'Activity0302.dcr', 'Distribution of Ions', 552, 400, 'Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System', 61, 78); New_Tutorial(3, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0303.dcr', 'The Action Potential', 552, 460, 'Electrical Signals Are the Vocabulary of the Nervous System', 61, 78); New_Tutorial(3, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0304.dcr', 'Synaptic Transmission', 552, 460, 'The Sequence of Transmission Processes at Chemical Synapses', 78, 83); New_Tutorial(4, 'Activity', 'Activity0401.dcr', 'Families of Transmitters', 552, 436, 'Many Chemical Neurotransmitters Have Been Identified', 91, 93); New_Tutorial(4, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0402.dcr', 'Neurotransmitter Pathways in the Brain', 552, 460, 'Neurotransmitter Systems Form a Complex Array in the Brain', 93, 98); New_Tutorial(4, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0403.dcr', 'Agonists and Antagonists', 552, 460, 'Research on Drugs Ranges from Molecular Processes to Effects on Behavior', 98, 102); New_Tutorial(5, 'Activity', 'Activity0501.dcr', 'Major Endocrine Glands', 552, 436, 'Hormones Act in a Great Variety of Ways throughout the Body', 123, 132); New_Tutorial(5, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0502.dcr', 'The Hypothalamus and Endocrine Function', 552, 460, 'Each Endocrine Gland Secretes Specific Hormones', 136, 148); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0701.mov', 'Early Nervous System Development', 420, 311, 'This video shows early nervous system development in the human embryo from approximately 15 to 28 days after fertilization.
Developed by Dr. Patricia E. Phelps and Dr. Ata Alijani in collaboration with Dr. Sanjiv Gambhir and James Strommer of the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging at UCLA. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (IBN-9734550), the UCLA Office of Instructional Development, the Jennifer Jones Simon Foundation, and the Dana Foundation.
', 'Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes', 183, 184); New_Tutorial(7, 'Activity', 'Activity0702.dcr', 'Development of the Nervous System', 552, 436, 'Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes', 183, 184); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0703.mov', 'Brain Development', 480, 376, 'This animation shows the development of major brain structures in the human embryo from approximately 27 days after fertilization to birth.
Developed by Dr. Patricia E. Phelps and Dr. Ata Alijani in collaboration with Dr. Sanjiv Gambhir and James Strommer of the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging at UCLA. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (IBN-9734550), the UCLA Office of Instructional Development, the Jennifer Jones Simon Foundation, and the Dana Foundation.
', 'Growth and Development of the Brain Are Orderly Processes', 183, 184); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0704.mov', 'Patterns and Dynamics of SVZ Cell Migration 1', 252, 204, 'Glial cells are produced throughout life. Around the time of birth in rats, glial progenitor cells are manufactured in the forebrain subventricular zone and migrate into surrounding structures. In this video, glial progenitors that have been tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) migrate through the cortex. Note that most cells migrate radially toward the pia mater (toward top of screen), but one cell migrates tangentially, and one cell changes direction.
Courtesy of Kakita, A. and Goldman, J.E.; Neuron, Vol. 23, 461-472, July, 1999
', 'Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages', 184, 197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0705.mov', 'Patterns and Dynamics of SVZ Cell Migration 2', 252, 204, 'Glial cells are produced throughout life. Around the time of birth in rats, glial progenitor cells are manufactured in the forebrain subventricular zone and migrate into surrounding structures. In this video, glial progenitors that have been tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) migrate through the striatum (the caudate nucleus and putamen). Note the right-angle turns made by many of the cells.
Courtesy of Kakita, A. and Goldman, J.E.; Neuron, Vol. 23, 461-472, July, 1999
', 'Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages', 184, 197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0706.mov', 'Migration of a Neuron along a Radial Glial Cell', 256, 256, 'Radial glial cells act as guide wires for the migration of neurons. This video shows an immature cerebellar granule cell neuron migrating along a radial glial fiber in tissue culture. In the brain, migrating neurons move along glial cells from the inner surface (ventricular zone) to the outer surface (marginal zone) of the emerging nervous system.
', 'Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages', 184, 197); New_Tutorial(7, 'Video', 'Activity0707.mov', 'Growth Cones', 400, 316, 'Time-lapse video microscpy of retinal growth cones presented at 420 times normal axon growth rate. During synaptogenesis, growth cones help axons and dendrites elongate toward target cells. Narrow structures known as filopodia reach out from the growth cone into the extracellular environment. Growth cones orient to and follow a chemical gradient released by the target cells. In this video, the growth cones follow a gradient of protein released from a micropipette.
Video by Eric Birgbauer PhD and David Sretavan MD PhD, University of California San Francisco, Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology. Research support from NIH National Eye Institute and the That Man May See Foundation.
', 'Development of the Nervous System Can Be Divided into Six Distinct Stages', 184, 197); New_Tutorial(8, 'Activity', 'Activity0801.dcr', 'Skin Receptors', 552, 436, 'Sensory Processing Begins in Receptor Cells', 221, 222); New_Tutorial(8, 'Activity', 'Activity0802.dcr', 'Pain Pathways', 552, 436, 'Human Pain Can Be Measured', 237, 246); New_Tutorial(9, 'Tutorial', 'Activity0901.dcr', 'Sound Transduction', 552, 460, 'Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing', 250, 256); New_Tutorial(9, 'Activity', 'Activity0902.dcr', 'Organ of Corti', 560, 420, 'Each Part of the Ear Performs a Specific Function in Hearing', 250, 256); New_Tutorial(10, 'Activity', 'Activity1001.dcr', 'The Structure of the Eye', 552, 436, 'Vision Provides Information about the Form, Color, Location, Movement, and Identity of Objects', 283, 288); New_Tutorial(10, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1002.dcr', 'Visual Pathways in the Human Brain', 552, 460, 'Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions', 297, 307); New_Tutorial(10, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1003.dcr', 'Receptive Fields in the Retina', 552, 460, 'Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions', 297, 307); New_Tutorial(10, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1004.dcr', 'Spatial-Frequency Analysis', 552, 460, 'Neural Signals Travel from the Retina to Several Brain Regions', 297, 307); New_Tutorial(11, 'Activity', 'Activity1101.dcr', 'Extrapyramidal Motor System', 552, 436, 'Extrapyramidal Motor Systems Also Modulate Motor Commands', 338, 342); New_Tutorial(11, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1102.dcr', 'From Input to Output', 552, 460, 'We Can Trace a Choice Response from Input to Output', 349, 350); New_Tutorial(12, 'Activity', 'Activity1201.dcr', 'Female Reproductive Anatomy', 552, 436, 'The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior is Diversity', 362, 365); New_Tutorial(12, 'Activity', 'Activity1202.dcr', 'Male Reproductive Anatomy', 552, 436, 'The Hallmark of Human Sexual Behavior is Diversity', 362, 365); New_Tutorial(12, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1203.dcr', 'Aromatization Hypothesis', 552, 460, 'Gonadal Hormones Direct Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior', 378, 384); New_Tutorial(14, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1401.dcr', 'Biological Rhythms', 552, 460, 'Many Animals Show Daily Rhythms in Activity and Physiological Measures', 425, 427); New_Tutorial(14, 'Activity', 'Activity1402.dcr', 'Stages of Sleep', 552, 436, 'Human Sleep Exhibits Different Stages', 433, 437); New_Tutorial(14, 'Activity', 'Activity1403.dcr', 'Sleep Mechanisms', 552, 436, 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep', 445, 451); New_Tutorial(14, 'Video', 'Activity1404.mov', 'Narcolepsy', 320, 256, 'This narcoleptic dachshund completely loses muscle tone without loss of consciousness when excited. Researchers at the Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy study narcolepsy both in humans and in animal models.
Courtesy of Dr. Emmanuel Mignot and the Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy. For more information, see L. Lin et al., 1999. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 98(3):365-376.
', 'At Least Four Interacting Neural Systems Underlie Sleep', 445, 451); New_Tutorial(15, 'Activity', 'Activity1501.dcr', 'Conditioned Fear Response', 552, 436, 'Autonomic Responses Are Elicited by Emotion-Provoking Stimuli', 468, 468); New_Tutorial(15, 'Activity', 'Activity1502.dcr', 'The Stress Response and Pathologic Consequences of Prolonged Stress', 552, 436, 'Stress and Emotions Are Related to Some Human Diseases', 482, 487); New_Tutorial(16, 'Activity', 'Activity1601.dcr', 'A Neural Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder', 552, 436, 'There Are Several Types of Anxiety Disorders', 509, 515); New_Tutorial(17, 'Activity', 'Activity1701.dcr', 'Learning and Memory', 552, 436, 'Brain Imaging Provides Insights about Regions Involved in Different Kinds of Memories', 540, 544); New_Tutorial(18, 'Activity', 'Activity1801.dcr', 'Hippocampal Anatomy and LTP', 552, 436, 'Could Long-Term Potentiation Be a Model for Studying Mechanisms of Learning and Memory?', 561, 569); New_Tutorial(18, 'Tutorial', 'Activity1802.dcr', 'AMPA and NMDA Receptors', 552, 460, 'Could Long-Term Potentiation Be a Model for Studying Mechanisms of Learning and Memory?', 561, 569); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1803.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, Non-transgenic mouse (Trial 1)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the first trial for the nontransgenic mouse with the hidden platform in an unlearned location. The mouse finds the platform after 52.6 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1804.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, Non-transgenic mouse (Trial 3)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the third trial for the nontransgenic mouse. The mouse has apparently learned the location of the platform, swimming directly to it in 10.9 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1805.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, Non-transgenic mouse (Trial 5)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the fifth trial for the nontransgenic mouse. The mouse finds the platform after 14.9 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1806.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 1)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the first trial for the transgenic mouse with the hidden platform in an unlearned location. The mouse finds the platform after 29.7 seconds.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1807.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 3)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the third trial for the transgenic mouse. Although the normal mouse was able to swim directly to the platform on the third trial (in 10.9 seconds), the transgenic mouse is unable to find the platform and is removed after the maximum time allowed for a trial (90 seconds).
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(18, 'Video', 'Activity1808.mov', 'Morris Water Maze, PDAPP Mouse (Trial 5)', 360, 304, 'In this water maze task, a mouse must find a platform located below the opaque water surface. Mice can use cues surrounding the maze, such as posters on the wall, to learn the location of the platform and find it more quickly on successive trials. Two mice appear in these videos: One is a normal, nontransgenic mouse, the other a transgenic mouse engineered as an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Such transgenic (PDAPP) mice develop beta-amyloid plaques similar to those found in the brains of human Alzheimer's patients. Both mice were "middle-aged" (about 17 months) at the time of the trials.
This video shows the fifth trial for the transgenic mouse. The mouse does not perform significantly better than it did on the first trial, still taking 29.1 seconds to find the platform.
Video courtesy of Stephen Martin and Richard Morris, Department of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh.
', 'Some Brain Measures Correlate with Age-Related Impairments of Memory', 577, 580); New_Tutorial(19, 'Activity', 'Activity1901.dcr', 'Speech and Language Areas', 552, 436, 'Language Disorders Result from Region-Specific Brain Injuries', 588, 595); */