John Pickrell People with many younger siblings are more likely to develop brain tumours, according to a new study. Those with four or more siblings have twice the risk of brain cancer compared to only-children, the study found. The finding suggests that an infectious agent, such as a virus, may be involved in some brain cancers, say the researchers, who compared over 13,000 incidences of the disease. The study also found there was a two- to fourfold increase in brain tumour rates among children younger than 15 who had three or more younger siblings compared to children of the same age who had no siblings. But there was no association between the number of older siblings and brain tumours. "We know very little about why people develop brain tumours," says epidemiologist Andrea Altieri, who led the study at the German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg. The only previously established risk factors for brain tumours are large doses of radiation, a family history of brain cancer and rare genetic disorders, he says, but these together only explain about 5% of cases. Other studies have shown a link between the number of siblings and cancers such as lymphomas and leukaemia. Sibling number is thought to be a so-called "indirect marker" of infection in childhood, says Altieri. “The number of siblings a person has indicates the level of exposure they had to infection at an early age, since children come in close contact with each other and thereby share exposures to many infectious agents.” © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 9728 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Kerri Smith You might think it's obvious when someone is sleepy: drooping eyelids, a wide yawn and a nodding head tend to give it away. But researchers have added another layer of precision to the picture, by finding an enzyme that increases with sleepiness. The discovery could help to unpick some of the biological mechanisms behind sleep, and represent a novel way to develop on-the-spot tiredness tests for drivers, pilots and doctors working long or irregular hours. It has proven challenging to find accessible markers of sleepiness — most current efforts involve using overt signs, such as fluttering eyelids. But 'sleepy' behaviour varies a lot from person to person. To come up with a more definitive marker, Paul Shaw at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Missouri, and his colleagues studied flies subjected to sleep deprivation. They found that levels of an enzyme called amylase, which is involved in breaking down starch, gets higher and higher the longer the flies are awake. When they tested sleep-deprived humans, levels of amylase in saliva were also higher the longer the volunteers went without sleep. It isn't clear why this is: amylase isn't known to have any sleep-related functions, although it is related to stress. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 9727 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Half of young people using cannabis suffer side effects such as paranoia and blackouts, a UK survey suggests. More than 80% of the 727 young people in their teens and early 20s polled by YoungMinds had tried the drug - the vast majority before they were 18. The charity is calling for urgent research on the effects of cannabis on the developing teenage brain. It is releasing guidance for young people and professionals on the effects cannabis may have on mental health. Barbara Herts, YoungMinds chief executive, said: "Many young people are experimenting with cannabis from a young age. We are extremely concerned that there is still very little known about the effects of cannabis on the developing teenage brain and it is crucial that more studies are carried out in this area." She said virtually all of the research on both short and longer-term cognitive effects has been conducted on adults. This is a problem as the young, developing brain could be much more vulnerable to its effects, she explained. Ms Herts said studies show young people who use cannabis regularly or heavily are at least twice as likely to develop a psychotic mental disorder by young adulthood than those who do not smoke. Psychosis is a type of mental health problem, which includes conditions like schizophrenia, that can seriously affect the way you think, feel and behave. (C)BBC

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 9726 - Posted: 12.11.2006

By DEBORAH SOLOMON Q: As a professor of neuropsychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco, you’ve drawn some strange conclusions about “The Female Brain,” to borrow the title of your debut book, which argues that a woman’s brain structure explains a good deal of her behavior, including a penchant for gossiping and talking on the phone. The hormone of intimacy is oxytocin, and when women talk to each other, they get a rush of it. For teen girls especially, when they’re talking about who’s hooking up with whom, who’s not talking to whom, who you like and don’t like — that’s bedrock, that excites the girl’s brain. You make it sound as if female friendship and affection is just a search for oxytocin. Sixth-grade teachers will tell you that girls get up and go to the bathroom together; girls say they have to go at the same time. They need to go off and intimately exchange the important currency of their day, which increases their oxytocin and dopamine levels. Your book cites a study claiming that women use about 20,000 words a day, while men use about 7,000. The real phraseology of that should have been that a woman has many more communication events a day — gestures, words, raising of your eyebrows. Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9725 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Druin Burch Years ago, New Scientist invited readers to propose Standard International units for beauty. A “Helen” was the most popular suggestion, with a “milli-Helen” defined as enough beauty to launch a single ship. Like beauty, pain is not a sense to which objective units can be applied, units of heat or light, pressure or frequency. It used to be widely believed that nerve cells were hollow tubes through which packets of “sensation” passed. A lump of sound travelled along an auditory nerve, a portion of light along a visual one. Pain was usually considered to be an excess of another sensation – the eyes hurt when they received too much light, a punch felt unpleasant because the sense of touch was overwhelmed. But early in the twentieth century, all sensory nerves were shown to transmit largely uniform pulses of electrical depolarization. Sensory stimuli, regardless of their nature, are in fact transduced by nerve cells into waves of electrical charge that are conducted towards the brain. Whether a person becomes conscious of the impulse depends on the context. Tread on a pin while running for your life from an axe-wielding maniac and you may not feel it, just as rugby players occasionally manage to break bones without immediately knowing. But stand on the pin while walking in a relaxed fashion to the bathroom and you are likely to notice. In both cases, the sensory impulse from your foot will have been the same. Pressure sensors will have picked up the force of the pin, but they can only lead to an experience of pressure, not pain. There is nothing in the electrical depolarization itself that can clue the brain in to understanding something about the modality of sensation: that depends on labelled-line coding. Copyright 2006 The Times Literary Supplement Ltd.

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 9724 - Posted: 06.24.2010

For half a century, Marvin Minsky has tried to mechanize the mind. In his new book, The Emotion Machine, the AI pioneer posits that anger, love, and other emotions are types of thought, not feeling. The idea will surely stir up controversy. But Minsky – who cofounded MIT's AI Lab and advised director Stanley Kubrick during the filming of 2001: A Space Odyssey – wants to make us think. His groundbreaking tome The Society of Mind, published in 1986, argued there's no central conductor of operations in your head, just agents working together to create awareness. In the spirit of collective consciousness, Wired challenged Minsky to a meeting of the minds with philosopher Daniel Dennett, codirector of the Center for Cognitive Studies at Tufts University and the author of several seminal brain books with heady titles like Consciousness Explained and Darwin's Dangerous Idea. WIRED: What's wrong with the traditional approach to how the brain works? Minsky: Physics gives us about five laws that explain almost everything. So we keep looking for those kinds of simple laws to apply to the brain. The idea in my new book is that you shouldn't be looking for a single explanation of how thinking works. Evolution has found hundreds of ways to do things, and when one of them fails, your mind switches to another. That's resourcefulness. In The Emotion Machine, you argue that feelings result from switching on or off certain "mental resources." Minsky: The traditional view of emotions is that they are something extra, like adding color to a black-and-white photograph. But to me, emotions are what happens when you remove other resources. Anger means you've turned off your social graces, you've turned off your cautiousness, you've turned off your long-range plans and most of your ambition, and you've turned on things that make you act more rapidly and less deeply. Recognizing this complexity adds dignity to the theory. © 1993-2006 The Condé Nast Publications Inc.

Keyword: Emotions
Link ID: 9723 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Bruce Bower Derry Mainwaring-Knight holds a special place in the annals of con artistry. Fresh out of an English prison in 1984 after serving time for a rape conviction, Mainwaring-Knight convinced a church rector to enlist in his battle against the spread of devil worshippers. The articulate, ingratiating ex-convict offered to start an organization that would purchase and destroy artifacts linked to satanism and black magic. Within a few months, the dazzled rector had emptied his own pockets and obtained money for Mainwaring-Knight's campaign from many devout church members, including prominent politicians and businesspeople. Mainwaring-Knight collected nearly $400,000 as well as a Rolls-Royce automobile. He spent the money on himself and his girlfriends. In 1986, the satanic bubble burst. Mainwaring-Knight was hauled into court on 19 counts of fraud. Denying any wrongdoing, he argued that he had no need to trick people out of their money since he made a great living running a prostitution ring. After his conviction, his mother revealed that he had also duped her out of a large sum of cash. Mainwaring-Knight wasn't just a con man. By all accounts, he had a psychopathic personality. Psychopaths lack a conscience and are incapable of experiencing empathy, guilt, or loyalty. Descriptions of psychopaths callously manipulating, intimidating, or harming others go back hundreds of years. ©2006 Science Service.

Keyword: Emotions; Aggression
Link ID: 9722 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Katharine Sanderson The molecules that make octopus skin so successful as a dynamic camouflage could provide materials scientists with a new way to make super-reflective materials. Octopus, squid and cuttlefish have developed sophisticated skins so they can hide in an ocean full of hungry predators. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts and colleagues took a close look at this skin and identified a new group of proteins with remarkable properties. Hanlon's team discovered that the bottom layer of octopus skin, made up of cells called leucophores, is composed of a translucent, colourless, reflecting protein. "Protein reflectors are very odd in the animal kingdom," says Hanlon, who is a zoologist. What's even more odd is just how reflective these proteins are — they reflect all wavelengths of light that hit at any angle. "This is beautiful broadband reflection," Hanlon told the Materials Research Society at their meeting in Boston last month. The result is a material that looks startlingly white in white light, and blue in the bluish light found beneath the waves. "These cells also match the intensity of the prevalent light," says Hanlon's research associate Lydia Mathger. All this helps the creatures to blend into their surroundings. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 9721 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Debora MacKenzie A third person in the UK has caught variant CJD from another human, in a blood transfusion. Many more people may be at risk of this human form of BSE, experts warn. Three of eight people tested so far in the UK are now confirmed to have been infected with vCJD through blood transfusions, autopsies have revealed. A total of 66 people in UK are known to have received transfusions from blood donors who later went on to develop vCJD. Of those, 34 later died from other causes. The remaining 24 people have been informed that they may be at high risk of developing vCJD, but are not reported to have been tested. In each of the three cases, the victims received blood from someone who went on to develop vCJD between 18 and 40 months after donating blood, which shows that apparently healthy blood donors can pose a threat of infection, at least in the late stages of incubation. Many carriers, unaware of their infection, may have transmitted the mutant prion in donated blood, experts say. For that reason, it was “prudent” in 2004, once the first transfusion-related case was discovered, for the UK to ban transfusion recipients from later donating blood, say Kumanan Wilson and Maura Ricketts of Toronto General Hospital and the Public Health Agency of Canada. They penned a commentary on the case in the medical journal The Lancet, which reported the third case this week (see vCJD death linked to blood transfusion. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Prions
Link ID: 9720 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By LYNETTE CLEMETSON Her mother called it a negotiable proposition. But to Jean Lynch-Thomason, a 17-year-old with bipolar disorder who started college this fall, her mom’s notion to fly from their home in Nashville to her campus in Olympia, Wash., every few weeks to monitor Jean’s illness felt needlessly intrusive. “I am so totally aware of the control you have over me right now,” Jean said, sitting in her parents’ living room one evening last June, before coolly reminding her mother of her upcoming 18th birthday. “In a few months the power dynamic is going to be different.” For Chris Ference, 19, who is also bipolar, the fast-approaching autonomy of his freshman year held somewhat less appeal. His parents had always directed every aspect of his mental health care. Last summer, over Friday night pizza at his home in Cranberry Township, Pa., he told them that assuming control felt more daunting than liberating. “If it was up to me, I would just have it so you could make those decisions for me up until I was like, 22,” he said. “I mean, you’ve raised me well up to now. You know me better than anyone.” The transition from high school to college, from adolescence to legal adulthood, can be tricky for any teenager, but for the increasing number of young people who arrive on campus with diagnoses of serious mental disorders — and for their parents — the passage can be particularly fraught. Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 9719 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Predicting the onset of mental illness could soon be as simple as smelling a scratch-and-sniff card loaded with the aroma of roses or a whiff of petrol. Scientists have taken the same technology popular in children's books and designed a test to help diagnose brain disorders before the onset of any symptoms. The test can be used for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, as well as some illnesses affecting adolescents. It originated in a discovery by Melbourne University researchers of a link between these illnesses and a poor ability to identify smells. To test their theory, they developed a set of 40 scratch-and-sniff cards and asked people to identify the smell from a list of four possibilities, such as coffee, roses, oranges and petrol. Professor Warwick Brewer, from the university's Orygen Research Centre, said the people who later went on to develop a brain disorder had demonstrated difficulty correctly answering more than half the questions. He said the simple test also could be used by relatives of people with these conditions. © 2006, APN Holdings NZ Ltd

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste); Alzheimers
Link ID: 9718 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Aging cats can develop a feline form of Alzheimer's disease, a new study reveals. Scientists at the Universities of Edinburgh, St Andrews, Bristol and California have identified a key protein which can build up in the nerve cells of a cat's brain and cause mental deterioration. In humans with Alzheimer's disease, this protein creates 'tangles' inside the nerve cells which inhibit messages being processed by the brain. The team says that the presence of this protein in cats is proof that they too can develop this type of disease. By carrying out post-mortem examination of cats which have succumbed naturally to the disease, scientists may now be able to uncover vital clues about how the condition develops. This may eventually help scientists to come up with possible treatments. Scientists already thought cats were susceptible to dementia because previous research had identified thick, gritty plaques on the outside of elderly cats' brain cells which are similar to those found in humans. But, by pinpointing this second key marker, the Edinburgh-led team says we can be sure that cats can suffer from a feline form of Alzheimer's. Dr Danielle Gunn-Moore, at the University of Edinburgh's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, said: "This newly discovered protein is crucial to our understanding of the aging process in cats. We've known for a long time that cats develop dementia, but this study tells us that the cat's neural system is being compromised in a similar fashion to that we see in human Alzheimer's sufferers. The gritty plaques had only hinted that might be the case -- now we know.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 9717 - Posted: 12.08.2006

Costly methadone treatment for heroin addicts could be replaced by a substitute painkiller that is half the price, safer and less toxic. In a study spanning three and a half years, researchers found that the prescription painkiller dihydrocodeine is equally as effective as methadone to help drug users kick the habit. The research by the Universities of Edinburgh, Napier and Adelaide could have major implications for treatment programmes for drug users, which have proved controversial not least because of the high costs involved. In contrast to methadone –which comes in liquid not tablet form – dihydrocodeine is much easier to store and comes under less stringent regulations because it is not as toxic and less likely to cause a fatal overdose. It is estimated that whereas methadone treatment can cost almost £1,500 annually per patient, the cost of dihydrocodeine is £713. Dihydrocodeine has been used by GPs and specialists for many years to treat drug users . It is often preferred in situations where methadone is seen as hazardous, such as police custody or prison. Its effectiveness has, however, never been tested before. Dr Roy Robertson, a Reader at the University of Edinburgh, who is the study’s main author, said: "Heroin addiction is a chronic condition requiring long-term medication. Just as with other chronic conditions, such as diabetes or arthritis, there should be a number of treatments available so that doctors and nurses can tailor medication to the needs of each patient.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9716 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Philip Ball A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved1. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin2, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously. "This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized." Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes. But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 9715 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Richard Fisher Humans may have evolved altruistic traits as a result of a cultural “tax” we paid to each other early in our evolution, a new study suggests. The research also changes what we knew about the genetic makeup of our hunter-gatherer ancestors. The origin of human altruism has puzzled evolutionary biologists for many years (see Survival of the nicest). In every society, humans make personal sacrifices for others with no expectation that it will be reciprocated. For example, we donate to charity, or care for the sick and disabled. This trait is extremely rare in the natural world, unless there is a family relationship or later reciprocation. One theory to explain how human altruism evolved involves the way we interacted as groups early in our evolution. Towards the end of the Pleistocene period – about 12,000 years ago – humans foraged for food as hunter-gatherers. These groups competed against each other for survival. Under these conditions, altruism towards other group-members would improve the overall fitness of the group. If an individual defended the group but was killed, any genes that the individual shared with the overall group would still be passed on. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 9714 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Brain scans could help predict schizophrenia, research suggests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans have revealed key changes in the brain's grey matter in a small group before they developed symptoms. The finding suggests tracking these changes over time, combined with traditional assessments, could help doctors to predict illness. The research, published in BioMed Central Medicine, was carried out by the University of Edinburgh. For ten years, scientists followed 200 young people who were at a high risk of developing schizophrenia because two or more members of their family had already been diagnosed with the illness. They analysed MRI scans of 65 of the 200 young people, taken on average 18 months apart. The researchers looked specifically for changes in grey matter - brain tissue made principally of neurones which transmit messages and help to store memories. Eight of the 65 went on to develop schizophrenia on average 2.3 years after their first scan. The MRI scans of each of these eight individuals revealed that they had changes in grey matter that happened before they became unwell. Specifically, they showed a reduction in grey matter in a part of their brain called the inferior temporal gyrus, which is linked to the processing of anxiety. People who develop schizophrenia are known often to exhibit signs of raised anxiety levels up to two years before the onset of full psychosis. As members of a high risk group, each person in the study had approximately a 13% risk of developing schizophrenia. However, the specific changes to the grey matter pinpointed by the researchers raised the risk to 60%. (C)BBC

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Brain imaging
Link ID: 9713 - Posted: 12.07.2006

Left-handed people can think quicker when carrying out tasks such as playing computer games or playing sport, say Australian researchers. Connections between the left and right hand sides or hemispheres of the brain are faster in left-handed people, a study in Neuropsychology shows. The fast transfer of information in the brain makes left-handers more efficient when dealing with multiple stimuli. Experts said left-handers tended to use both sides of the brain more easily. Study leader Dr Nick Cherbuin from the Australian National University measured transfer time between the two sides of the brain by measuring reaction times to white dots flashed to the left and right of a fixed cross. He then compared this with how good participants were at carrying out a task to spot matching letters in the left and right visual fields, which would require them to use both sides of the brain at the same time. Tests in 80 right-handed volunteers showed there was a strong correlation between how quickly information was transferred across the left and right hemispheres and how quickly people spotted matching letters. But when the tests were repeated in 20 left-handed volunteers, the researchers found that the more left-handed people were, the better they were at processing information across the two sides of the brain. Extreme left-handed individuals were 43 milliseconds faster at spotting matching letters across the right and left visual fields than right-handed people. Dr Cherbuin, research fellow at the University concluded: "These findings confirm our prediction of increasing efficiency of hemispheric interactions with increasing left-handedness." But he added that it wasn't a clear-cut pattern as there were subtle differences between strongly and mildly left-handed or right-handed individuals. (C)BBC

Keyword: Laterality
Link ID: 9712 - Posted: 12.07.2006

By HAROLD McGEE LAST week I went to Stanford University to hear a lecture on the molecular biology of smell, and then drove home buzzing with thoughts about what it might mean for people who love to eat. The speaker, the Nobel laureate Linda Buck, never mentioned food. She gave an overview of the fast-developing understanding of smell, including the pioneering work for which she shared the Nobel in Physiology or Medicine in 2004. Along the way she explained how, given what is known about the way smells are represented in the brain, the combination of two aromatic substances could create a third smell sensation that would be unlike the smell of either of the partners. And she presented evidence that certain aromatic chemicals — amines, which are found in the bodies of all animals and also in a variety of foods — trigger a brain circuit of their own. They act as pheromones in other animals, and may do the same in humans. I came away filled with new ideas about the alchemy of cooking. Can one flavor plus one flavor equal three flavors? How much of the effect of combining ingredients happens on the stove, and how much in people’s heads? Are there examples of this kind of virtual ingredient creation in familiar dishes? Can a rational awareness of flavor chemistry and amine circuitry influence and heighten our actual sensory experience of food? If we know more about how we smell, can we smell more? Does more sensation mean more pleasure? Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 9711 - Posted: 06.24.2010

(BETHESDA, MD) -- Intense itching and the urge to scratch are symptoms of many chronic skin ailments. A new study conducted by Oxford University researchers has found that different reactions in the brain to two common allergy triggers -- allergens (pollen and dust) and histamine (allergy cells within the body caused by foods, drugs or infection) -- may shed some light on the itch-scratch cycle. The study is entitled Itch and Motivation to Scratch: An Investigation of the Central and Peripheral Correlates of Allergen- and Histamine-Induced Itch in Humans. The research team was comprised of Siri G. Leknes, Susanna Bantick, Richard G. Wise and Irene Tracey, all of the Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK and Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Clinical Neurology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; and Carolyn M. Willis and John D. Wilkinson, both of the Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital, Amersham, UK. The results of the study are published in the online edition of the Journal of Neurophysiology (http://jn.physiology.org/). The journal is one of the 14 scientific publications published by the American Physiological Society (APS) (www.The-APS.org) every month. Twenty eight female volunteers were recruited for the study, of which 14 tested positive (atopic cohort) for type I allergens (grass pollen and/or house dust mite) and 14 did not (non-atopic cohort). Over three consecutive days the atopic cohort was challenged with either their specific allergen or histamine, along with the saline control group, by applying a skin prick to the forearm. Non-atopic subjects were challenged with histamine and saline on two consecutive days.

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 9710 - Posted: 12.07.2006

Researchers have found evidence for a fundamental molecular mechanism underlying the hyperactive high of cocaine. In studies with rats, they have traced the effect to interactions between two types of receiving stations in neurons for nerve signals from their neighbors. The researchers' studies in rats found that when the animals received cocaine, a component of a receptor for the neurotransmitter dopamine tends to grab onto a component of a receptor for glutamate. The result, they found, was interference with normal activation of this glutamate receptor. John Wang, of the University of Missouri, Kansas City School of Medicine, and his colleagues published their findings in the December 7, 2006, issue of the journal Neuron, published by Cell Press. Neurons trigger nerve impulses in their neighbors by launching bursts of chemicals called neurotransmitters at them. The neurotransmitters activate protein receptors on the receiving neurons, which induce the nerve impulses in the receiving cell. These receptors also adjust themselves in complex ways to alter the sensitivity of the receiving neuron to stimulation. Researchers had long known that cocaine affects both dopamine and glutamate receptors on neurons, but the molecular details of those effects were unknown. In their experiments, Wang and colleagues first determined that cocaine reduces the activation of glutamate-responsive neurons by affecting a specific component, or subunit, of the receptor, called NR2B.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 9709 - Posted: 12.07.2006