Lindsey Tanner, Associated Press — New research on vegetables and aging gives mothers another reason to say "I told you so." It found that eating vegetables appears to help keep the brain young and may slow the mental decline sometimes associated with growing old. On measures of mental sharpness, older people who ate more than two servings of vegetables daily appeared about five years younger at the end of the six-year study than those who ate few or no vegetables. The research in almost 2,000 Chicago-area men and women doesn't prove that vegetables reduce mental decline, but it adds to mounting evidence pointing in that direction. The findings also echo previous research in women only. Green leafy vegetables including spinach, kale and collards appeared to be the most beneficial. The researchers said that may be because they contain healthy amounts of vitamin E, an antioxidant that is believed to help fight chemicals produced by the body that can damage cells. Vegetables generally contain more vitamin E than fruits, which were not linked with slowed mental decline in the study. Vegetables also are often eaten with healthy fats such as salad oils, which help the body absorb vitamin E and other antioxidants, said lead author Martha Clare Morris, a researcher at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging at Chicago's Rush University Medical Center. © 2006 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 9528 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Molecules which could help treat cancer, heart disease and other serious conditions have been discovered by Aberdeen University researchers. Scientists have identified the molecule found in the eye which prevents blood vessels from forming in the cornea. They said understanding what inhibits the growth of blood vessels could help with the development of new drugs. It could also lead to new therapies for treating eye diseases and different types of eye injuries. The research was carried out by the Aberdeen team and colleagues at the Medical College of Georgia and the University of Kentucky in the US. Dr Martin Collinson, senior lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, said the molecule was an "amazing finding". He added: "The cornea is widely used by scientists who hope to study how blood vessels grow or how to inhibit the growth of new blood vessels. This knowledge will help to treat diseases like cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and eye disorders like macular degeneration. " (C)BBC

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 9527 - Posted: 10.24.2006

Before you request a paternity test, spend a few minutes looking at your child’s eye color. It may just give you the answer you’re looking for. According to Bruno Laeng and colleagues, from the University of Tromso, Norway, the human eye color reflects a simple, predictable and reliable genetic pattern of inheritance. Their studies1, published in the Springer journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, show that blue-eyed men find blue-eyed women more attractive than brown-eyed women. According to the researchers, it is because there could be an unconscious male adaptation for the detection of paternity, based on eye color. The laws of genetics state that eye color is inherited as follows: 1. If both parents have blue eyes, the children will have blue eyes. 2. If both parents have brown eyes, a quarter of the children will have blue eyes, and three quarters will have brown eyes. 3. The brown eye form of the eye color gene (or allele) is dominant, whereas the blue eye allele is recessive. It then follows that if a child born to two blue-eyed parents does not have blue eyes, then the blue-eyed father is not the biological father. It is therefore reasonable to expect that a man would be more attracted towards a woman displaying a trait that increases his paternal confidence, and the likelihood that he could uncover his partner’s sexual infidelity. Eighty-eight male and female students were asked to rate facial attractiveness of models on a computer. The pictures were close-ups of young adult faces, unfamiliar to the participants. The eye color of each model was manipulated, so that for each model’s face two versions were shown, one with the natural eye color (blue/brown) and another with the other color (brown/blue). The participants’ own eye color was noted.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 9526 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By DENISE GRADY When he learned in 1995 that he had Alzheimer’s disease, William Utermohlen, an American artist in London, responded in characteristic fashion. “From that moment on, he began to try to understand it by painting himself,” said his wife, Patricia Utermohlen, a professor of art history. Mr. Utermohlen’s self-portraits are being exhibited through Friday at the New York Academy of Medicine in Manhattan, by the Alzheimer’s Association. The paintings starkly reveal the artist’s descent into dementia, as his world began to tilt, perspectives flattened and details melted away. His wife and his doctors said he seemed aware at times that technical flaws had crept into his work, but he could not figure out how to correct them. “The spatial sense kept slipping, and I think he knew,” Professor Utermohlen said. A psychoanalyst wrote that the paintings depicted sadness, anxiety, resignation and feelings of feebleness and shame. Dr. Bruce Miller, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who studies artistic creativity in people with brain diseases, said some patients could still produce powerful work. “Alzheimer’s affects the right parietal lobe in particular, which is important for visualizing something internally and then putting it onto a canvas,” Dr. Miller said. “The art becomes more abstract, the images are blurrier and vague, more surrealistic. Sometimes there’s use of beautiful, subtle color.” Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 9525 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By CLAUDIA WALLIS Strange things happen when you apply the statistical methods of economics to medical science. You might say you get dismal science, but that's a bit glib. You certainly get some strange claims — like the contention of three economists that autism may be caused by watching too much television at a tender age. It gets stranger still when you look at the data upon which this argument is based. The as yet unpublished Cornell University study, which will be presented Friday at a health economics conference in Cambridge, Mass., is constructed from an analysis of reported autism cases, cable TV subscription data and weather reports. Yes, weather reports. And yet, it all makes some kind of sense in the realm of statistics. And it makes sense to author Gregg Easterbrook, who stirred the blogosphere this week with an article about the study on Slate, provocatively (and perhaps irresponsibly) titled "TV Really Might Cause Autism." The alarming rise in autism rates in the U.S. and some other developed nations is one of the most anguishing mysteries of modern medicine — and the source of much desperate speculation by parents. In 1970, its incidence was thought to be just 1 in 2,500; today about 1 in 170 kids born in the U.S. fall somewhere on the autism spectrum (which includes Asperger's Syndrome), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some of the spike can be reasonably attributed to a new, broader definition of the disorder, better detection, mandatory reporting by schools and greater awareness of autism among doctors, parents and educators. Still, there's a nagging sense among many experts that some mysterious X-factor or factors in the environment tip genetically susceptible kids into autism, though efforts to pin it on childhood vaccines, mercury or other toxins haven't panned out. Genes alone can't explain it; the identical twin of a child with autism has only a 70% to 90% chance of being similarly afflicted. Copyright © 2006 Time Inc

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 9524 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Nothing focuses the mind's eye like an erotic picture, according to the results of a new study. Even when such pictures were actively canceled out, subliminal images of female nudes helped heterosexual men find the orientation of a briefly shown abstract shape. Such nudity-driven focusing worked almost as well for women, as long as the image accorded with their sexual preference. Cognitive neuroscientist Sheng He of the University of Minnesota and his colleagues gathered groups of heterosexual men, heterosexual women, homosexual men and bisexual women numbering 10 each. Each viewed special images pointed directly at each individual eye. The researchers could cancel out vision of one eye's image by presenting a specific high contrast image to the other eye. Such an image, called a Gabor patch, consists of a series of contrasting lines that form an abstract--and visually arresting--shape. "Normally, the two eyes look at the same image. They don’t have any conflict," he explains. "We create a situation where the two eyes are presented with two images, and then they will have binocular competition. One image is high contrast [and dynamic], the other is static. You basically just see the dynamic image." Into the canceled out image slot, the researchers slipped an erotic image; for example, a naked woman displayed for a heterosexual man. To ensure that subjects did not consciously detect the invisible image, they were asked to press a specific key if they noticed any difference between the left and right images. Over the course of 32 trials, men were significantly better at detecting the orientation of Gabor patches when they appeared in the slot formerly occupied by an invisible image of a nude woman. © 1996-2006 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Attention; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9523 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A University of California, San Diego study has for the first time identified brain cells that influence whether birds of a feather will, or will not, flock together. Led by James Goodson, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience, and detailed in this week's early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research demonstrates that vasotocin neurons in the medial extended amygdala respond differently to social cues in birds that live in colonies compared to their more solitary cousins. Vasotocin neurons appear, according to the study, to selectively promote positive affiliation. The gregarious species also have greater numbers of the neurons and their baseline activity is about twice as high, putting the birds in a kind of perpetual "social mood." "These findings," Goodson said, "address the fundamental question of sociality: Why are some animal species highly social while others seem to have little or no tolerance for others? "And while the observations were made in birds, they should apply to many other animals, including humans, since the cells are present in almost all vertebrates and the brain circuits that regulate the basic forms of social behavior are strikingly similar," he said.

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9522 - Posted: 10.24.2006

By Greg Miller Have you ever wished you could turn up the gain on your brain, getting just a little more juice right before a tough exam or a big experiment? Scientists have now managed such a feat in rats, boosting their performance on a memory test by electrically stimulating a region deep inside their brains. The technique is unlikely to ever be performed on healthy humans, but the researchers say it may prove useful for people who've suffered strokes or other brain injuries. Deep brain stimulation has been used for years to treat people with Parkinson's disease. More recently, researchers have reported encouraging results for treating depression (Science, 4 March 2005, p. 1405), and just last week a team reported a promising case study in which a man in a minimally conscious state recovered some mobility and responsiveness (ScienceNOW, 16 October). Yet very little is known about how deep brain stimulation works. That's changing through work on lab animals. A team led by neurologist and neuroscientist Daniel Herrera at Weill Medical College of Cornell University in New York City implanted electrodes into the central thalamus of rats. This brain region is thought to help mediate arousal and is the region surgeons targeted in the minimally conscious patient. After stimulating the rats' central thalamus for 30 minutes, Herrera and colleagues found that two genes--one linked to neural activity and the other linked to cellular mechanisms of learning--had become more active in the rats' brains, including in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The stimulated rodents also explored more than unstimulated rats did and performed substantially better on an object-recognition test, Herrera and colleagues report online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. © 2006 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 9521 - Posted: 06.24.2010

PITTSBURGH—Using a new form of brain imaging known as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), researchers in the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging at Carnegie Mellon University have discovered that the so-called white matter in the brains of people with autism has lower structural integrity than in the brains of normal individuals. This provides further evidence that the anatomical differences characterizing the brains of people with autism are related to the way those brains process information. The results of this latest study were published in the journal NeuroReport. The scientists used DTI — which tracks the movement of water through brain tissue — to measure the structural integrity of the white matter that acts as cables to wire the parts of the brain together. Normally, water molecules move, or diffuse, in a direction parallel to the orientation of the nerve fibers of the white matter. They're aided by the coherent structure of the fibers and a process called myelination, in which a sheath is formed around the fibers that speeds nerve impulses. The movement of water is more dispersed if the structural integrity of the tissue is low — i.e., if the fibers are less dense, less coherently organized, or less myelinated — as it was with the participants with autism in the Carnegie Mellon study. Researchers found this dispersed pattern particularly in areas in and around the corpus callosum, the large band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. "These reductions in white matter integrity may underlie the behavioral pattern observed in autism of narrowly focused thought and weak coherence of different streams of thought," said Marcel Just, director of the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging and a co-author of the latest study.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 9520 - Posted: 06.24.2010

KINGSTON, Ont. -- Queen's University researchers have discovered that seeking out the most attractive mate may be unhealthy for any offspring. Using a "virtual fruit fly dating game", Biology professor Adam Chippindale and graduate student Alison Pischedda have found that mating with a "fit" partner actually leads to dramatically lower rates of reproductive success in the next generation. The research also raises questions about how masculine and feminine traits may be expressed through genes. The findings, published in the November edition of PLoS Biology, suggest quite a twist on evolutionary thinking: On average, the lowest quality couple produced the best offspring while the highest quality pair produced the worst offspring. The Queen's research team measured the inheritance of "fitness" (quality and number of offspring) using samples of low-and-high-fitness males and a separate set of low-and-high-fitness females to uncover what occurs as a result of sexual selection, the Darwinian process by which organisms compete for, and choose, their mates. In some traditional models, sexual selection is the search to provide offspring with 'good genes' to increase their reproductive success.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 9519 - Posted: 10.24.2006

By Cordelia Rayner With a recent survey suggesting almost 50% of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have been excluded at some point, parents face difficult choices. Up to one in 20 children have ADHD, which affects concentration and can cause them to be disruptive. Many are being put on medication but unions warn that some schools cannot meet their medical needs. And American scientists have raised concerns about the widespread use of ADHD medications. A recent survey by the National Attention Deficit Disorder information and support service found the exclusion rate for children with ADHD was 10 times higher than that of those without. Some parents have told the BBC they were told to give their children medication or keep them at home, and that they often felt they were being denied a proper education. The National Association of Head Teachers spokesperson, Jan Myles, said: "It's the system that fails the child but all too often the blame is laid at the door of the school. "A lot of heads I'm talking to on a daily basis are exhausted with trying to implement different strategies that are not working." One mother, Linda Sheppard, is taking her local authority to the European Court of Human Rights to gain her son the educational support she claims he needs. Ms Sheppard removed her son from his school because she says they were unable to offer him adequate support in the classroom. Continual exclusions from school trips and other activities caused his well-being to plummet and by the time he was seven he threatened suicide, she says. (C)BBC

Keyword: ADHD
Link ID: 9518 - Posted: 10.23.2006

Listening to loud music with earphones on portable digital music players such as iPods for more than 90 minutes a day can damage your hearing, a new U.S. study suggests. The study indicates a typical person can safely listen to an iPod for 4.6 hours per day at 70 per cent volume using stock earphones, said Cory Portnuff, a doctoral researcher at the University of Colorado, Boulder and co-author of the study. "Damage to hearing occurs when a person is exposed to loud sounds over time," he said Thursday. "The risk of hearing loss increases as sound is played louder and louder for long durations, so knowing the levels one is listening to music at, and for how long, is extremely important." The study of 100 doctoral students found that people who listened to music at 80 per cent of volume capacity should stick to under 90 minutes a day, said Brian Fligor, the study's co-author and an audiologist at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School. "If a person exceeds that on one particular day and happens not to use their headphones for the rest of the week, they're at no higher risk," Fligor told Reuters. "I'm talking about someone who's exceeding 80 per cent for 90 minutes day after day, month after month, for years." Copyright © CBC 2006

Keyword: Hearing
Link ID: 9517 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A new NIH-funded study shows that a specific gene variant in humans affects both sensitivity to short-term (acute) pain in healthy volunteers and the risk of developing chronic pain after one kind of back surgery. Blocking increased activity of this gene after nerve injury or inflammation in animals prevented development of chronic pain. The gene in this study, GCH1, codes for an enzyme called GTP cyclohydrolase. The study suggests that inhibiting GTP cyclohydrolase activity might help to prevent or treat chronic pain, which affects as many as 50 million people in the United States. Doctors also may be able to screen people for the gene variant to predict their risk of chronic post-surgical pain before they undergo surgery. The results appear in the October 22, 2006, advance online publication of Nature Medicine.* "This is a completely new pathway that contributes to the development of pain," says Clifford J. Woolf, M.D., of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, who led the research. "The study shows that we inherit the extent to which we feel pain, both under normal conditions and after damage to the nervous system." Dr. Woolf carried out the study in collaboration with Mitchell B. Max, M.D., of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) in Bethesda, Maryland, and colleagues at the National Institute on Alcoholism Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and elsewhere.

Keyword: Pain & Touch; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 9516 - Posted: 10.23.2006

Kerri Smith The symptoms of Parkinson's disease have been relieved in rats using a stem-cell treatment. But a potentially cancerous side effect might put the brakes on such therapies for humans. Parkinson's disease kills off neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, leading to problems with movement and balance. Most treatments currently involve replenishing the dopamine through drugs. But researchers are keen to develop longer-term solutions, using embryonic stem cells to make replacement dopamine neurons. But it has so far proved difficult to produce enough of the right kind of cell; there are several types of dopamine neuron, and only some of them will do the job. "Not all dopamine neurons are created equal," says Steve Goldman of Cornell University Medical College, New York, who leads the study. Goldman and his colleagues now report in Nature Medicine1 that they have found a way to make the right type — neurons of a part of the brain called the substantia nigra, which send signals to cells involved in generating movement. Goldman and his team took human fetal midbrain tissues, in which dopamine cells are made, and extracted glial cells, whose normal role is to support and maintain the growth of neurons. They then cultured stem cells in this glia-rich environment. ©2006 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Parkinsons; Stem Cells
Link ID: 9515 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Curators say a Norwegian exhibition on homosexuality among animals has been well received, despite initial indications of strong opposition. The Oslo Natural History Museum opened the show last week and says it has been well attended, not least by families. Organisers reported early criticism of the project, and being told by one opponent they would "burn in hell". But there has been strong interest in an aspect of animal behaviour the museum says is quite common. It says homosexuality has been observed among 1,500 species, and that in 500 of those it is well documented. The exhibition - entitled Against Nature? - includes photographs of one male giraffe mounting another, of apes stimulating others of the same sex, and two aroused male right whales rubbing against each other. We hope to reject the all too well known argument that homosexual behaviour is a crime against nature "Homosexuality is a common and widespread phenomenon in the animal world," says an exhibition statement. Not only short-lived sexual relationships, but even long-lasting partnerships; partnerships that may last a lifetime." The museum says it is the first exhibition in the world to touch on a subject that has been taboo in the past. It says sex between animals - as between humans - is often a matter of enjoyment, rather than procreation, and that this applies to animals of the same sex as well as opposite sexes. While homosexuality would appear to contradict evolutionary imperatives, scientists involved in the exhibition say it appears to do no harm and may actually help in some circumstances. (C)BBC

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 9514 - Posted: 10.21.2006

Phoenix, AZ, -- Researchers at the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) today announced the discovery of a gene that plays a significant role in memory performance in humans. The findings, reported by TGen and research colleagues at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, Banner Alzheimer's Institute, and Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, appear in the October 20 issue of Science. The study details how researchers associated memory performance with a gene called Kibra in over 1,000 individuals --both young and old-- from Switzerland and Arizona. This study is the first to describe scanning the human genetic blueprint at over 500,000 positions to identify cognitive differences between humans. "Using the latest whole-genome association technologies, we have shed light on the fundamental biological process of human memory performance," said Dr. Dietrich Stephan, Director of TGen's Neurogenomics Division and a senior author of the paper. "The capacity to remember is a defining feature of humans and we can now use this new understanding to develop drugs that will improve memory function." Researchers at the University of Zurich, collaborating with colleagues at Arizona's Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, and the Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, collected DNA samples from cognitively healthy people and measured memory performance. TGen researchers screened the collected DNA samples using the whole-genome microarray technology. Researchers then combined the scan data with the memory performance test results and found a connection between Kibra and memory.

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Alzheimers
Link ID: 9513 - Posted: 10.21.2006

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been a subject of keen interest in neuroscientific circles for several years, turning up in studies of conditions ranging from central hypoventilation syndrome to obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia -- a range of disorders uncannily parallel to those produced by mutations in the "Rett gene," MeCP2. In 2003, two groups found that MeCP2 regulates BDNF transcription, but sorting out the complex relationship between the two proteins has been quite challenging. New studies from the labs of Michael Greenberg at Children's Hospital Boston and David Katz at Case Western School of Medicine have begun to shed light on the interplay of MeCP2 and BDNF. Because Rett syndrome (RTT) develops during early childhood, when sensory experiences normally stimulate the development of synaptic circuits, some researchers hypothesized that the fundamental defect in RTT is a failure of synaptic plasticity or maturation. Early support for this hypothesis came from studies showing that MeCP2 expression normally increases as neurons mature. Conversely, RTT patients and mice lacking MeCP2 suffer defects in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, all of which are dependent on experience – so there is some link between experience and the change in neuronal function it would normally produce that is missing when MeCP2 is not functioning properly. Zhou et al. (Greenberg lab) have found at least part of that missing link. In a paper just published in Neuron, they show that increases in neuronal activity result in phosphorylation of MeCP2 at a particular residue (S421) which, in turn, increases transcription of certain genes, including Bdnf, that are required for experience-dependent brain maturation.

Keyword: Trophic Factors; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 9512 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Bruce Bower Scientists have taken a promising step forward in untangling the genetic roots of autism. Inheritance of a common variant of a gene that influences immunity, gastrointestinal repair, and brain growth substantially raises the chances of developing autism, at least in families with more than one child diagnosed with the severe brain disorder, a study finds. Children with autism show severe social difficulties, language problems, and repetitive behaviors. The gene, called MET, regulates production of a protein that influences cell proliferation in various parts of the body. "This is a moderate-to-high-risk autism-vulnerability gene," reports developmental neurobiologist Pat Levitt of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. Certain variants of the gene, which contain minor alterations in their genetic code, cause several cancers. Levitt's group had explored how MET contributes to brain development. After learning that the gene lies on a stretch of chromosome 7 that other investigators had linked to autism, the group began its new study. Consulting a large database, the researchers obtained genetic information from members of 204 families in which one or more children had autism. These children ranged from below average to average in intelligence. ©2006 Science Service.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 9511 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A silicon chip that faithfully mimics the neural circuitry of a real retina could lead to better bionic eyes for those with vision loss, researchers claim. About 700,000 people in the developed world are diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration each year, and 1.5 million people worldwide suffer from a disease called retinitis pigmentosa. In both of these diseases, retinal cells, which convert light into nerve impulses at the back of the eye, gradually die. Most artificial retinas connect an external camera to an implant behind the eye via a computer (see 'Bionic' eye may help reverse blindness). The new silicon chip created by Kareem Zaghloul at the University of Pennsylvania, US, and colleague Kwabena Boahen at Stanford University, also in the US, could remove the need for a camera and external computer altogether. The circuit was built with the mammalian retina as its blueprint. The chip contains light sensors and circuitry that functions in much the same way as nerves in a real retina – they automatically filter the mass of visual data collected by the eye to leave only what the brain uses to build a picture of the world. "It has potential as a neuroprosthetic that can be fully implanted," Zaghloul told New Scientist. The chip could be embedded directly into the eye and connected to the nerves that carry signals to the brain's visual cortex. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision; Robotics
Link ID: 9510 - Posted: 06.24.2010

From The Economist print edition KEEPING mentally agile protects against dementia but until now no one has known exactly why. One possible reason was revealed at this week's annual Society for Neuroscience conference in Atlanta—at least, for rats. Thousands of new brain cells or neurons grow each day in the brains of rats and, presumably, in the brains of people, too. But only those animals that actively engage in learning get to keep the new cells. In their mentally lazy companions new cells die after a couple of weeks. Until relatively recently, scientists thought that no new neurons grew in the brains of adults and that every blow on the head or glass of wine after adolescence cut the number of brain cells. Over the past decade, though, neuroscientists have realised that young neurons do continue to appear in the brains of mature mammals—but what they might do is only now being pieced together. Many of these new brain cells are found in the hippocampus, a structure used to remember events, people and places. This suggested to Tracey Shors, of Rutgers University in New Jersey, that the cells might be involved in forming such memories. To learn the fate of these new neurons, Dr Shors and her team used a chemical tag that attaches itself to cells that are dividing. On a given day, the researchers injected this chemical into the brains of rats. As a result, only the new brain cells that were born that day were labelled and thus the team could follow a cohort of new neurons over time. Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2006

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Neurogenesis
Link ID: 9509 - Posted: 06.24.2010