By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News — Scientists have announced that they have coaxed all three primary brain cells to grow in tissue cultures from a type of cell found deep in the brain. The researchers speculated that related medical therapies, such as the ability to repair or replace brain cells damaged by head trauma or diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's, could occur within five years. "The field of regenerative medicine is moving so quickly," said Dennis Steindler, who led the research. "New discoveries happen every day, so I would like to offer hope to people with such conditions that they could benefit from related breakthroughs even sooner (than the estimated five-year period)." Steindler, who is executive director of the University of Florida's McKnight Brain Institute, added, "With the new brain cell technology we have created a method, a protocol and a model that enable us to get stem-like brain cells into a dish, to look at them and to induce them to differentiate." Findings will be published in an upcoming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Steindler and his team extracted glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP+) cells from a region called the subventricular zone, which lies deep within the brain. They worked with cells from adult mice, but say humans possess these exact same cells. Copyright © 2005 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Stem Cells
Link ID: 7497 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Both human and animal studies have shown that chronic alcohol consumption can produce deficits in learning and memory. Rodent studies, for example, have shown that chronic alcohol consumption for six months or more can produce permanent deficits and neural damage. A rodent study in the June issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research is the first to show that continuous drinking for as little as eight weeks can produce deficits in learning and memory that last up to 12 weeks after drinking stopped. "The learning and memory deficits we found in our mice that received eight weeks of alcohol followed by three weeks of withdrawal affect all types of learning and memory," said Susan A. Farr, associate professor of medicine at St. Louis University School of Medicine and corresponding author for the study. "That is, they are global. We found deficits in every type of task we tested the mice in, from complex to simple tasks. Our study is the first to show that drinking for a duration as short as eight weeks produces lasting deficits up to at least 12 weeks after the cessation of alcohol." "Drinking doesn't just produce a hangover," said D. Allan Butterfield, The Alumni Professor of biological and physical chemistry at the University of Kentucky. "Chronic drinking may lead to permanent cognitive deficits." Butterfield, also director of the Center of Membrane Studies, said these findings are especially troubling for college students who may engage in binge drinking. "People should exercise caution against binge drinking since cognitive deficits may ensue," he said.

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 7496 - Posted: 06.15.2005

Scientists say they have duplicated the process of generating new adult brain cells in a controlled way in the lab. It is hoped the technique, tested so far on animal cells, will eventually allow scientists to produce a limitless supply of a person's own brain cells. The researchers believe they could potentially be used to treat disorders like Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. The study, by the McKnight Brain Institute, is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It is not the first time that immature stem cells have been manipulated in the laboratory to become brain cells. But the researchers say nobody else has replicated the process of cell maturation that goes on in the brain in such complete and close step-by-step detail before. However, a leading British expert has stressed the importance of not hyping the potential of work in this field. The researchers harnessed a technique which had already been used to produce adult blood cells outside the body. They collected immature neural stem cells at a primitive stage of development from mice and used chemicals to induce them to mature. During the process they snapped images of the cells every five minutes using a special microscope. This enabled them to create a short film showing the cells developing stage by stage into fully fledged adult brain cells (neurons). They were also able to track the physiological changes that take place during development in closer detail than ever before. (C)BBC

Keyword: Stem Cells; Neurogenesis
Link ID: 7495 - Posted: 06.14.2005

By JOHN SCHWARTZ Little girls watch and learn; little boys goof off and horse around. At least this seems to be the case with chimpanzees, according to new research. Chimpanzees like to snack on termites, and youngsters learn to fish for them by poking long leaf spines and other such tools into the mounds that colonies build. In a paper to be published in the journal Animal Behavior, researchers found that female chimps in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania picked up termite fishing at a mean age of 31 months, more than two years earlier than the males. The females seem to learn by watching their mothers, said the paper's author, Dr. Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, director of field conservation at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. Dr. Lonsdorf said that typically, when a young male and female are near a mound, "she's really intently termite fishing, and he's spinning himself in circles." The paper is based on four years of observation and expands on work published last year in the journal Nature. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 7494 - Posted: 06.14.2005

By BENEDICT CAREY A college student becomes so compulsive about cleaning his dorm room that his grades begin to slip. An executive living in New York has a mortal fear of snakes but lives in Manhattan and rarely goes outside the city where he might encounter one. A computer technician, deeply anxious around strangers, avoids social and company gatherings and is passed over for promotion. In a report released last week, researchers estimated that more than half of Americans would develop mental disorders in their lives, raising questions about where mental health ends and illness begins. In fact, psychiatrists have no good answer, and the boundary between mental illness and normal mental struggle has become a battle line dividing the profession into two viscerally opposed camps. On one side are doctors who say that the definition of mental illness should be broad enough to include mild conditions, which can make people miserable and often lead to more severe problems later. On the other are experts who say that the current definitions should be tightened to ensure that limited resources go to those who need them the most and to preserve the profession's credibility with a public that often scoffs at claims that large numbers of Americans have mental disorders. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Emotions; Depression
Link ID: 7493 - Posted: 06.14.2005

While its causes are many, stuttering used to carry with it the stigma of being a "psychological problem." Now, researchers are finding that stutterers' brains process language differently, even when they aren't speaking. "Stuttering is known to be a very complex disorder, and there has been evidence that language plays an important role in stuttering," explains Christine Weber-Fox, a cognitive neuroscientist at Purdue University. "For example, when children begin stuttering it's not when they're saying their first word, it's when they start combining words, and when language becomes more complex and they're having to formulate more. So we were very interested in knowing the role of language processing in stutterers, even when people who stutter aren't required to speak at all." Weber-Fox and her team compared the brain activity of 22 adults, half stutterers and half non-stutterers, measuring the activity of brain cells in milliseconds using what looks like a wired-up swimming cap with electrodes that sit on the scalp. The adults were shown two words on a computer screen, and their job was to identifysilently, by pressing a buttonwhich pairs of words rhymed. Some word pairs, like "own" and "gown," were spelled similarly but did not rhyme; some, like "own" and "cone," rhymed but were not spelled similarly, and some, like "own" and "cake," neither rhymed nor were spelled similarly. © ScienCentral, 2000-2005.

Keyword: Language; Dyslexia
Link ID: 7492 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A common sleep therapy used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may actually have a protective effect against death related to cardiovascular disease. In a new study published in the June issue of CHEST, the peer-reviewed journal of the American College of Chest Physicians, patients with OSA who were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) had significantly fewer cardiovascular disease-related deaths and cardiovascular-related events than untreated patients. "Research has shown that patients with OSA have an increased incidence of death or events related to cardiovascular disease, particularly hypertension," said Walter McNicholas, MD, FCCP, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. "Short-term use of CPAP therapy has resulted in health and quality-of-life benefits in patients with sleep apnea, including improved daytime alertness and mental functioning. Extended CPAP therapy may have additional benefits for patients with OSA by protecting them against cardiovascular disease related to the sleep disorder." Researchers from St. Vincent's University Hospital in Dublin followed 168 patients with OSA for an average of 7.5 years to monitor the long-term effect of CPAP therapy on cardiovascular disease. Researchers compared the number of cardiovascular-related events and deaths between 107 patients who used CPAP therapy and 61 patients who never tolerated or stopped CPAP therapy for at least five years. During the follow-up period, there was a significant excess of cardiovascular deaths among the untreated patients (14.8 percent), compared to CPAP group (1.9 percent).

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 7491 - Posted: 06.14.2005

(Boston) -- Our ability to learn to see things that may be new or unfamiliar to us is a plus; it allows us to adapt to changes in our surrounding environment. A big benefit is that it allows us to learn to do new tasks, such as becoming skilled at seeing the mere suggestion of a tumor on a mammogram. Learning to increase our sensitivity to a visual stimulus also seems to come at a cost, according to new research by Takeo Watanabe, an associate professor and director of the Vision Science Laboratory in Boston University's Department of Psychology. It seems when learning to see things that are there, we also learn to see things that aren't. "It's a manifestation of overlearning," says Watanabe, "such as when we find a man's face on Mars' surface or in a forest or on a cloud. We've overlearned human faces so we see them where they aren't." This double-edged result has to do with a learning characteristic known as plasticity, the brain's ability to remold its responses because of its task-specific information repeatedly presented to it through its visual sensory system. Watanabe and his team of researchers report their findings in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and the Human Frontier Science Program.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 7490 - Posted: 06.14.2005

DALLAS – – The gene that regulates the body's main biological clocks also may play a pivotal role in drug addiction, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have found. The Clock gene not only controls the body's circadian rhythms, including sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormone levels, blood pressure and heart activity, it may also be a key regulator of the brain's reward system. UT Southwestern researchers showed that, in mice, the Clock gene regulates the reward response to cocaine, suggesting that similar actions take place in humans. Findings from the multi-center study are available online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "We found that the Clock gene is not only involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles, but is also very involved in regulating the rewarding responses to drugs of abuse," said Dr. Colleen A. McClung, assistant instructor of psychiatry at UT Southwestern and the study's lead author. "It does so through its actions on dopamine pathways." Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with the "pleasure system" of the brain, providing feelings of enjoyment from certain activities. Dopamine is released by naturally rewarding experiences such as food, sex and the use of certain drugs. In the study, mice that lacked the Clock gene were injected with cocaine. Not only did the mice experience problems with their circadian cycles – not sleeping as much and becoming more hyperactive – they also found cocaine more rewarding than control mice, demonstrated by their strong preference for the location where the drug was administered.

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Biological Rhythms
Link ID: 7489 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Obesity accelerates the ageing process even more than smoking, according to the largest ever study of the “chromosomal clock” in human cells. Tim Spector of St Thomas’ Hospital in London, UK, measured the length of the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, in the white blood cells of 1122 women aged 18 to 76. Each time a cell divides, its telomere loses a small chunk of DNA. When it becomes too short, cells can no longer divide. In effect, telomere shortening acts as a kind of chromosomal clock, counting down the cellular generations. Spector found that the white blood cells of the youngest women had telomeres that were around 7500 base pairs long. Their length declined with age at an average rate of 27 base pairs per year. When lifestyle factors were taken into account, however, dramatic differences emerged. The difference between being obese and being lean corresponds to 8.8 years of extra ageing, Spector told a press conference in London. Intriguingly, the link between high leptin concentrations and telomere shortening was even stronger than the link with obesity, as measured by the body mass index. Leptin is an appetite-inhibiting hormone, but obese people are resistant to it and have higher than normal levels. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7488 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The US has found its second case of mad cow disease in a cow suspected, but cleared, of having BSE in November 2004. Although meat from the cow did not enter the food chain, the finding calls into question the accuracy of the country’s BSE surveillance programme. The cow might also be the first case born in the US. The first US case was in a cow imported from Canada in 2003. In 2004 the country started testing “high-risk” cattle - those that show neurological symptoms, are found dead or are “downers” (unable to stand). Since then it has tested 375,000 cattle. None were declared positive. In contrast, Canada has tested 30,000 cattle and found three positives. The rate at which the tests uncover positive cattle depends on the sample size, stresses Marcus Doherr of the University of Bern in Switzerland, who helped develop Swiss BSE surveillance. This means either that BSE is less evenly distributed in North America than thought, or that the US is missing cases. Unlike Canada, which uses the rapid “western blot” test, the US uses a test called ELISA, which is more prone to false positives. In 2004 the ELISA test detected three BSE positive cattle in the US. When these brains were re-tested, the ELISA was negative. Then they were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing - a thin slice of brain is stained with antibodies for the prion protein that causes BSE. All were negative, and the cattle were declared BSE-free. “But if the prion is diffuse enough in the brain tissue, you can get a weak signal with the ELISA, and a negative with IHC,” says Doherr. Another test is needed to be certain, he says. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Prions
Link ID: 7487 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By BENEDICT CAREY THE release last week of a government-sponsored survey, the most comprehensive to date, suggests that more than half of Americans will develop a mental disorder in their lives. The study was the third, beginning in 1984, to suggest a significant increase in mental illness since the middle of the 20th century, when estimates of lifetime prevalence ranged closer 20 or 30 percent. But what does it mean when more than half of a society may suffer "mental illness"? Is it an indictment of modern life or a sign of greater willingness to deal openly with a once-taboo subject? Or is it another example of the American mania to give every problem a name, a set of symptoms and a treatment - a trend, medical historians say, accentuated by drug marketing to doctors and patients? Changes in societies over time, and differences across cultures, make it extremely difficult to compare prevalence levels of mental illness, even today. Levels of depression in China were thought to be very low, for example, until the Harvard anthropologist Dr. Arthur Kleinman found in the 1980's that many Chinese did not think or talk about mood disorders the way Westerners do. They came to doctors or healers with physical complaints - dizziness, headaches and other pains that were treated as such, though in many cases they could be diagnosed as depression. A World Health Organization survey published in 2004 found that 2.5 percent of Chinese reported a mood disorder in the last year, compared with a rate of 9.6 percent in the United States. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Depression
Link ID: 7486 - Posted: 06.13.2005

Brenda Maddox Rosemary Kennedy was the most famous victim of lobotomy. When the prettiest but mentally retarded daughter of Joseph P Kennedy showed signs of agitated depression in 1941, the Boston millionaire bought the latest treatment available. It left his daughter unable to care for herself, confined from the age of 23 to an institution in Wisconsin, an embarrassing footnote to her famous family's history. None of them even visited her until 1958, when Senator John F Kennedy, campaigning in Wisconsin, stopped by. Hindsight is the bane of biography, and nowhere is its lens more distorting than in medicine. Knowing what we know today, how is it possible that "they" - the people of the benighted past - could have done what they did? Whenever Dr Walter Freeman, the subject of Jack el-Hai's fascinating book, picks up his ice pick, you want to scream: "Stop him!" Freeman, an American neurologist, was the most ardent proponent and practitioner of the surgery that aimed to cure mental illness by cutting it out. From the mid-1930s until well into the 1950s, "psycho-surgery" was presented as a miracle cure. This was at a time when America's mental hospitals were crow-ded with patients who had no hope of recovery or release. Popular films such as The Snake Pit (1948) pricked the public into awareness of the torments - electric shocks, straitjackets, solitary confinement - suffered by the condemned souls in what were really no more than psychiatric warehouses. © New Statesman 1913 - 2005

Keyword: Schizophrenia
Link ID: 7485 - Posted: 06.24.2010

David Beresford About three weeks ago I walked into the rooms of my brain doctor in Cape Town carrying a bunch of flowers. "These are for you," I said. "You've made my speech worse and I suspect you've screwed up my balance. But what you've given me has a price greater than rubies." I am blessed with the attendance of a number of brain doctors around the world for the Parkinson's disease I suffer. The most important are in Grenoble, France, where a couple of years ago a neurological team buried some electrodes deep inside my brain and connected them up to a pacemaker under the skin of my chest. The idea was that by sending a small electrical current into my brain they could stop the shakes, which are the main symptom of Parkinson's. It worked like a dream. Not only were the shakes gone, but the stiffness - another symptom of the disease - as well. But, being human, it did not take long before I felt that it was not enough (we are an ungrateful lot, but then it can be said that therein lies the genius of our species). My speech was becoming worse and it was time it was fixed, I felt. One of the problems with my near-magical brain operation is that most of the experts are in Europe and I am in South Africa. There is only one person who performs the operation in this part of the world, and he is the surgeon in Cape Town. Ideally, I should be treated post-operatively by a neurologist and not a neurosurgeon. But the two of us make do. If I have a problem I see him at first and then head for Europe if he cannot help. Guardian Unlimited © Guardian Newspapers Limited 2005

Keyword: Parkinsons; Emotions
Link ID: 7484 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Fuel producer BP has developed a "lite" petrol that won't intoxicate petrol sniffers. Sniffing petrol is a problem in many remote Aboriginal communities in Australia, especially among teenagers, and it can cause brain damage. Launched earlier this year, the fuel is called Opal and is increasingly being used across Australia, with 37 remote Aboriginal communities now receiving it. Meanwhile, government researchers are assessing the impact of the new fuel on the communities, and are expected to report their findings later this year. It was back in the 1990s that BP distributors noticed that petrol sniffing wasn't a problem in Aboriginal communities that used aviation fuel in cars instead of petrol, an occasional practice in areas where light aircraft are often used because it reduces the need for two storage tanks. "The major difference between the two fuels was that aviation fuel has extremely low aromatics," says chemist Garry Whitfield of BP's Melbourne office. Aromatics are ring-shaped hydrocarbons such as toluene that prevent fuel from self-igniting, which causes "knocking", a rattling sound in engines. They also help produce the high petrol sniffers crave. Aromatics make up around 25 per cent of modern car petrols, but Australian aviation fuel, unlike that in most parts of the world, is low in aromatics. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7483 - Posted: 06.24.2010

There is no need to rush to put people on drugs if they have only infrequent seizures, say UK doctors. Delaying medication does not increase the risk of chronic epilepsy or have a negative impact on quality of life, a study in the Lancet shows. Waiting until treatment is absolutely necessary also avoids unnecessary drug side effects, say the Liverpool University authors. Epilepsy charities said management should be tailored to the individual. Professor David Chadwick and colleagues recruited about 1,400 people with single or infrequent seizures. Half were given antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine or valproate immediately, while the other half did not receive any treatment until they and their clinician agreed it was necessary. The researchers followed up what happened to the patients for the next five years. Immediate drug treatment reduced the likelihood of a repeat seizure in the short term, but over the course of the study both interventions resulted in similar rates of seizure recurrence. There was no difference in quality of life between the two groups and delaying treatment led to fewer reports of side effects. Professor Chadwick said: "At two years, the benefits of improved seizure control with immediate treatment seem to be balanced by the unwanted side effects of drug treatment and there is no improvement in measures of quality of life." (C)BBC

Keyword: Epilepsy
Link ID: 7482 - Posted: 06.11.2005

Morphine provides very little pain relief for premature babies, French researchers believe. They found the drug, which is very good for treating chronic pain in term babies and adults, did little to dull acute pain in 42 premature babies. With these very sick infants needing hundreds of painful treatments and tests, more research is needed to find good relief, they told Paediatrics. Untreated pain could do serious short and long term damage, they said. Experts agreed the best way to treat pain in these babies was unclear. The work by Dr Ricardo Carbajal and his team at the Hopital d'Enfants Armand Trouseau in Paris adds to recent research that found morphine had little effect on signs of distress of premature babies who were being ventilated to help them breathe. In the latest study, Dr Carbajal looked at whether morphine alleviated pain associated with having a heel prick test - a way of taking a blood sample - among babies born up to three months premature and who were on neonatal intensive care wards. Intravenous morphine appeared to be no better than an inactive dummy drug in relieving this acute pain. The researchers used recognised scales that measure physical signs of distress, such as heart rate and facial expression, to score the pain. Dr Carbajal said: "Our findings are very important. A lot of babies are born prematurely and go into intensive care units. Here they may need 100 or even more than 400 procedures in a very short space of time. (C)BBC

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 7481 - Posted: 06.11.2005

By MONICA DAVEY From the moment on Thursday when the young man sat down in Dr. Richard Stein's dental chair in southwestern Kansas and opened his mouth, Dr. Stein was certain he recognized the enemy. This had to be the work, he concluded, of methamphetamine, a drug that is leaving its mark, especially in the rural regions of the Midwest and the South, on families, crime rates, economies, legislatures - and teeth. Like a growing number of other dentists, Dr. Richard Stein says he is coming across many cases of "meth mouth," the ravaging of teeth and gums among users of methamphetamine. Quite distinct from the oral damage done by other drugs, sugar and smoking, methamphetamine seems to be taking a unique, and horrific, toll inside its users' mouths. In short stretches of time, sometimes just months, a perfectly healthy set of teeth can turn a grayish-brown, twist and begin to fall out, and take on a peculiar texture less like that of hard enamel and more like that of a piece of ripened fruit. The condition, known to some as meth mouth, has been studied little in dentistry's academic circles and is unknown to many dentists, whose patients are increasingly focused on cosmetic issues: the bleaching and perfect veneers of television's makeover shows. But other dentists, especially those in the open, empty swaths of land where methamphetamine is being manufactured in homemade laboratories, say they are seeing a growing number of such cases. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7480 - Posted: 06.11.2005

By Thomas Hayden We all know the type: the goody-two-shoes, chasing a litterbug for a block to "return" an errant chip bag; the teacher's pet, smugly ratting out note-passers in class; the self-appointed etiquette cop, quick with a rebuke for line jumpers, crying children, and public cellphone talkers everywhere. Uptight? Quite possibly. Annoying? Almost certainly. But the urge to call attention to others' infractions is more common than we might like to admit. And, researchers are finding, the moralists among us might just be an essential ingredient in the glue that holds human societies together. Social scientists call the behavior "altruistic punishment": the willingness to step in and enforce societal norms even if doing so carries little chance of reward and significant personal cost. Psychological theories and economic models suggest that people should make decisions about how to behave in groups based on their own best interests rather than the good of the group. In other words, taking an inconsiderate clod to task for butting into line in front of you makes perfect sense, but how to explain the person who bawls out a stranger for butting into line behind them? And yet the altruistic punishment impulse comes up time and again in daily life and psychology experiments. Take this classic trust game: You give a group of people some money--$20, say--and a set of rules. Players can contribute any amount to a common pool with the promise of a modest return, or they can "free ride," pocketing their initial stake plus a share in the group profits. If all of the players cooperate fully, everyone comes out ahead. But if one player acts selfishly, he'll do even better. You don't have to be a psychologist to guess how soon the whole system breaks down. Allow honest players to punish cheaters with a fine, however, and most will jump at the chance--even if doing so costs a significant portion of their profits. "The tendency to punish free riders is very confusing," says James Fowler, a political scientist at the University of California-Davis, "because if there are only a few punishers, the cost is very high." Copyright © 2005 U.S.News & World Report, L.P.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 7479 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Could it be that excess fat is not, by itself, a serious health risk for the vast majority of people who are overweight or obese--categories that in the U.S. include about six of every 10 adults? Is it possible that urging the overweight or mildly obese to cut calories and lose weight may actually do more harm than good? Such notions defy conventional wisdom that excess adiposity kills more than 300,000 Americans a year and that the gradual fattening of nations since the 1980s presages coming epidemics of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and a host of other medical consequences. Indeed, just this past March the New England Journal of Medicine presented a "Special Report," by S. Jay Olshansky, David B. Allison and others that seemed to confirm such fears. The authors asserted that because of the obesity epidemic, "the steady rise in life expectancy during the past two centuries may soon come to an end." Articles about the special report by the New York Times, the Washington Post and many other news outlets emphasized its forecast that obesity may shave up to five years off average life spans in coming decades. And yet an increasing number of scholars have begun accusing obesity experts, public health officials and the media of exaggerating the health effects of the epidemic of overweight and obesity. The charges appear in a recent flurry of scholarly books, including The Obesity Myth, by Paul F. Campos (Gotham Books, 2004); The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality and Ideology, by Michael Gard and Jan Wright (Routledge, 2005); Obesity: The Making of an American Epidemic, by J. Eric Oliver (Oxford University Press, August 2005); and a book on popular misconceptions about diet and weight gain by Barry Glassner (to be published in 2006 by HarperCollins). © 1996-2005 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7478 - Posted: 06.24.2010