Everyone probably remembers where he or she was when the twin towers fell on September 11th, 2001. Among thousands of New Yorkers who watched the World Trade Center fall and who smelled that morning's smoke and ash for weeks after, there were, of course, some pregnant women. Concerned for how September 11th may have affected their unborn children, some of them anonymously volunteered to take part in a study to investigate the affects of maternal post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, on unborn children. Thirty-eight mothers, half of whom developed PTSD, collected saliva samples from themselves and their children approximately one year after September 11th. In the morning and before bedtime, they placed a minty-tasting wad of cotton in their mouths and their children's. Then they spit the soggy wads out and sealed them in plastic tubes before handing them over for analysis for the stress hormone cortisol. The study's results published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggest that the traumatic events a pregnant mother faces — events like September 11th — may have a detrimental effect on the long-term mental health of her baby. The researchers, based at New York's Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, think that if a pregnant woman develops PTSD, her child may be at an increased risk for developing the disorder after a traumatic event in their own lifetime. © ScienCentral, 2000-2005.

Keyword: Stress
Link ID: 7542 - Posted: 06.24.2010

With a male and a female fruit fly in a container it's pretty clear which is the guy — the one doing the elaborate courtship dance, trying to get the girl. When trying to impress the ladies, a male fruit fly takes up an act of chasing the females, tapping their abdomens with his front leg and performing wing-beating serenades. "This is an innate behavior, male flies know how to do all this as soon as they're adults," explains Stanford University geneticist Bruce Baker. Baker's research team has been working to try and understand why animals behave as they do, particularly the kinds of innate behaviors that animals just seem to know how to do. "Things like the kind of nest a bird will build; the kind of courtship display that a male peacock might make," he says. "We'd like to understand what happens during development to give an organism the potential to do these often amazing and wonderful sorts of behaviors that they carry out.” As they reported in the journal Nature, by giving female flies just one male-specific gene, known as "fruitless" — one out of approximately 14,000 genes in the DNA of the common fruit fly — Baker and co-author Dev Manoli, in collaboration with Brandeis and Oregon State universities, succeeded in getting the females to court other females. They had previously shown that the gene, which is normally active in the nervous system of male flies, is important for all aspects of male courtship. © ScienCentral, 2000-2005.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 7541 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A new study shows, for the first time, that the release of the body's own marijuana-like compounds is crucial to stress-induced analgesia – the body's way of initially shielding pain after a serious injury. The work, led by scientists at the University of Georgia and the University of California, Irvine, may yield a target for new drug therapies that will completely bypass the current arguments over the use of medical marijuana. In theory, the new research makes it possible to design a pill that will have the same pain relieving effects as smoked marijuana, but through an indirect mechanism that could also reduce unwanted psychoactive side effects and not have the same political baggage. "There is no prescription or over the counter drug that allows us to manipulate the level of the brain's marijuana-like compounds," said Andrea Hohmann, a neuroscientist in the department of psychology at the University of Georgia and co-author of the paper. "This is the first time anyone has shown that one of the body's naturally occurring cannabinoids, a compound known as 2-AG, has anything to do with pain regulation under natural conditions." The study was published today in the journal Nature. Hohmann's co-author, Daniele Piomelli at the University of California-Irvine, is the discoverer of a compound that blocks the breakdown of this marijuana-like compound called 2-AG, and it is that blocking compound, patented by UC-Irvine, that could become the new drug of choice for those suffering from pain or stress conditions. Importantly, it would not require people to smoke marijuana to obtain relief or wrestle with the legal issues surrounding the drug.

Keyword: Pain & Touch; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7540 - Posted: 06.24.2010

PITTSBURGH, – High school and college athletes with migraine headache characteristics after a concussion may have increased neurocognitive impairment, suggests a University of Pittsburgh Sports Medicine Concussion Program study published in the May issue of the Journal of Neurosurgery. The study results speak to the need for extreme caution in clinical evaluation and return-to-play decisions, say the authors. In the study, athletes who had characteristics of post-traumatic migraine (PTM) headache following a concussion also showed increased neurocognitive function impairment and related symptoms compared to concussed athletes with no post-injury headache or non-migraine headache. "The findings of our study strongly support the need for clinicians to exercise increased vigilance in making decisions about managing a concussed athlete with PTM and extreme caution as to when that athlete should be allowed to return to play," said the study's lead author, Jason Mihalik, CAT(C), A.T.C., who now is a doctoral student working in the Sports Medicine Research Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "This research is important because headache is the most common reported symptom after a sports-related head injury. As many as 86 percent of these injuries are accompanied by some type of headache," commented study co-author Joseph Maroon, M.D., professor of neurological surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Keyword: Brain Injury/Concussion
Link ID: 7539 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Obsessed with reruns of the TV sitcom Friends? Well then you probably have at least one “Jennifer Aniston cell” in your brain, suggests research on the activity patterns of single neurons in memory-linked areas of the brain. The results point to a decades-old and dismissed theory tying single neurons to individual concepts and could help neuroscientists understand the elusive human memory. “For things that you see over and over again, your family, your boyfriend, or celebrities, your brain wires up and fires very specifically to them. These neurons are very, very specific, much more than people think,” says Christof Koch at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, US, one of the researchers. In the 1960s, neuroscientist Jerry Lettvin suggested that people have neurons that respond to a single concept such as, for example, their grandmother. The notion of these hyper-specific neurons, coined “grandmother cells” was quickly rejected by psychologists as laughably simplistic. But Rodrigo Quiroga, at the University of Leicester, UK, who led the new study, and his colleagues have found some very grandmother-like cells. Previous unpublished findings from the team showed tantalising results: a neuron that fired only in response to pictures of former US president Bill Clinton, or another to images of the Beatles. But for such “grandmother cells” to exist, they must invariably respond to the “concept” of Bill Clinton, not just similar pictures. To investigate further, the team turned to eight patients currently undergoing treatment for epilepsy. In an attempt to locate the brain areas responsible for their seizures, each patient had around 100 tiny electrodes implanted in their brain. Many of the wires were placed in the hippocampus - an area of the brain vital to long-term memory formation. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 7538 - Posted: 06.24.2010

YOU know that just round the corner is a man who wants to kill you. Your heart is pounding and your hands are sweating - even though this is only a video game. But what is happening in your brain? A small study of brain activity in video-game veterans suggests that their brains react as if they are treating the violence as real. More than 90 per cent of American children play video games every day, and half of the top sellers contain extreme violence. There is now strong evidence that people who play violent games tend to be more aggressive. For example, in 2000, Craig Anderson and Karen Dill at Iowa State University in Ames reported data showing that violent-game players were more likely to report high levels of aggression and to have committed assaults or robberies. But finding out whether it is the games that make them violent or the violence that attracts them to the games has proved much harder. Klaus Mathiak at the University of Aachen in Germany set out to discover what is happening in gamers' brains as they encounter violent situations. He recruited 13 men aged 18 to 26, who played video games for 2 hours every day on average, and asked them to play a violent game while having their brains scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By the time of the experiment, the volunteers were proficient at the game, which required them to navigate a complicated bunker, find and kill terrorists and try to rescue hostages. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Aggression
Link ID: 7537 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The fatal disorder ALS wreaks its havoc by harming nerve cells that control muscles. As a consequence of the damage, patients experience progressive muscle weakness that can hinder movement and speech, even swallowing and breathing. Once, little could be done to help these patients who often spend their last days in an isolating paralysis. But now following years of research, scientists are finding ways to shield cells from the wrath of ALS and help delay the disorder’s progression. Recent developments include the potential use of growth factors, special substances that appear to offer cell protection. No crime was committed. Yet an estimated 5,000 Americans afflicted annually with ALS will suffer a particularly torturous sentence. People with this disorder, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig’s disease, often end up imprisoned in their bodies. Many spend their last days completely unable to move while their minds remain sharp and alert. ALS wreaks its havoc by harming nerve cells that control muscles. As a consequence of the damage, people with ALS experience progressive muscle weakness that can hinder movement and speech, creating an isolating paralysis. Swallowing and breathing also may be harmed and many die within three to five years after they experience symptoms, usually in mid-life. Once, doctors could do little to help these patients. But now following years of study, scientists are finding ways to protect cells and help delay the progression of ALS. Copyright © 2005 Society for Neuroscience

Keyword: ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease
Link ID: 7536 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Michelle Roberts Fears that children born using a form of IVF introduced in the 1990s will suffer from lower IQs are unfounded, say Belgian researchers. Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg. Eight-year-old children born using ICSI were found to be just as intelligent, if not more so, as other children. The Vrije University study was presented at a European fertility conference in Denmark. Just under half of all IVF treatments carried out in Britain now use the ICSI procedure, often to get round male fertility problems. More than 3,000 children a year are now born as a result of ICSI. However, there were concerns that the process bypassed the natural safeguards put in place to prevent sub-standard sperm from fertilising the egg. Early studies, conducted only a year after the first ICSI children were born, suggested that their development might be delayed. The new results, by psychologist Lize Leunens and colleagues, should allay such fears. Even if the children were held back as babies, by age eight they had more than overcome any such cognitive handicaps. The researchers compared 151 ICSI children with the same number of children who were naturally conceived. The children were given a variety of intelligence tests covering verbal, arithmetical, memory and mental performance skills. The ICSI group had an average IQ score five points higher than the non-ICSI group - an IQ of 112 compared with 107, respectively. (C)BBC

Keyword: Intelligence; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7535 - Posted: 06.22.2005

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Using a cellphone -- even with a hands-free device -- may distract drivers because the brain cannot handle both tasks, U.S. researchers said on Tuesday. Imaging tests show the brain directs its resources to either visual input or auditory input, but cannot fully activate both at the same time, the team at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore found. "Our research helps explain why talking on a cell phone can impair driving performance, even when the driver is using a hands-free device," said Steven Yantis, a professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences who led the study. "Directing attention to listening effectively 'turns down the volume' on input to the visual parts of the brain," he added in a statement. "When attention is deployed to one modality -- say, in this case, talking on a cell phone -- it necessarily extracts a cost on another modality -- in this case, the visual task of driving." Writing in the Journal of Neuroscience, Yantis and colleagues said they tested people aged 19 to 35 by showing them a computer display while they wore headphones playing voices. Copyright © 2005 Reuters Limited.

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 7534 - Posted: 06.24.2010

DALLAS – Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have discovered a mechanism that causes a protein to clump together in brain cells of people with Parkinson's disease, pointing toward a possible treatment for the condition. The protein clumping is part of a "vicious cycle," the researchers said. As the proteins cluster, they inhibit an enzyme that normally breaks them down, leading to the formation of even more masses. "It's a disease involving accumulation of a protein in an aberrant form," said Dr. Philip Thomas, professor of physiology at UT Southwestern and senior author of the study. The research, available online, was published in the June 17 issue of The Journal of Biological Chemistry. The findings have parallels to other diseases in which protein clusters form in and around nerves, such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease. The culprit in Parkinson's is the protein alpha-synuclein, which normally appears in a long, folded form in cells. It's known to be linked to the disease because mutations in it cause rare, inherited cases of early-onset Parkinson's. Normally, if a cell becomes stressed, alpha-synuclein unfolds, and an enzyme degrades it completely into harmless bits to prevent the clumping. In Parkinson's patients, however, some of the degrading enzyme malfunctions and creates truncated fragments of alpha-synuclein rather than the harmless bits.

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 7533 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The human brain is a complicated organ and the last to be deciphered by medicine. Although we are continually gaining new understanding about the intricacies of how the brain works ? especially what happens in the brain when things stop working and how to treat those issues ? but science still has a long way to go. The tremors that Steve Tarence, from Milford, Connecticut, suffered in his right arm because of Parkinson's Disease became so severe there was little he could still do by himself. "It's what they call flapping, where? the hand just takes off on you," he explains. "I couldn't go out, I couldn't turn around? life was changed completely because of it. It was really bad." He says deep brain stimulation (DBS) gave him back much of the life Parkinson's had taken away. "I am not afraid to go out, I'm not afraid to eat soup, I'm not afraid to do so many things? it's really, really wonderful," says Tarence. It was so successful in calming the tremors in his right arm that he plans to have it done for the tremors that have now begun on his left side. In DBS, surgeons implant electrodes ? with millimeter precision ? into the brain to stimulate the areas causing the tremors. But how pulses of electrical stimulation relieve the uncontrolled movement, why it doesn't help some patients, and what the long-term consequences of it might be, are not fully understood. © ScienCentral, 2000-2005.

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 7532 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The Foxp2 gene plays an essential role in the development of social communication, according to a study led by researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. The association between Foxp2 and language was first identified in a family in which half the members had severe speech and grammar impairments. Studies showed that all the affected family members had a mutation in the Foxp2 gene. The gene is found on a region of chromosome 7 that is linked to other disorders that affect speech, including autism and specific language impairment (a broad diagnosis used to describe communication difficulties in the absence of mental retardation, hearing loss, or emotional disorders). In the study, the team engineered mice with either one or both disrupted copies of Foxp2 in order to examine the role of this gene in social communication. These are the first mice to be engineered with this particular genetic defect. Disruption of Foxp2 affected the ability of infant rodents to emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when separated from their mother and littermates, according to the study leader, Joseph D. Buxbaum, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, of Neuroscience, and of Geriatrics and Adult Development at Mount Sinai. Mice with two disrupted copies of Foxp2 had a complete absence of USVs, while mice with one disrupted gene emitted USVs at a significantly reduced rate. Mice with two disrupted copies of the gene also displayed severe motor skill impairment and premature death, while single-copy mice had more modest, but still noticeable, developmental delays.

Keyword: Language; Autism
Link ID: 7531 - Posted: 06.22.2005

The world's first cannabis-based drug has gone on sale in Canada, and the UK firm which developed it says it remains committed winning a UK sales licence. Sativex is a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis (MS) sufferers, who can use it to alleviate pain. GW Pharmaceuticals said it remains "committed to securing approval of Sativex across Europe and elsewhere". GW Pharmaceuticals has been asked to provide more data to support its application for a UK licence. Sativex contains the same active ingredients as cannabis - tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. GW Pharmaceuticals said the Canadian market launch of Sativex was a "transforming event" for the company. It marked "not only our first successful product launch but the first launch of a cannabis derived prescription medicine anywhere in the world", the Salisbury-based firm said. GW Pharmaceuticals also announced its pre-tax losses narrowed to £5.9m in the six months to 31 March, compared to £7.9m year-earlier. It is now looking forward to getting its first sales revenues. (C)BBC

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7530 - Posted: 06.21.2005

By RICHARD A. FRIEDMAN, M.D. Hippocrates' injunction to physicians, "First, do no harm," is not always easy to follow. Sometimes doing the right thing medically means risking lesser harm to avoid greater harm. When I first met Larry, he was 40 pounds overweight, hypertensive and in a bind. His internist had just told him that if he could not kick his two-pack-a-day smoking habit, he would surely kill himself. His doctor was right, Larry said to me, but he also felt he could not live without cigarettes, either. Larry had already tried to quit and failed four times in the last five years. Now, he was desperate to succeed. The last time he supposedly quit, he was sneaking a cigarette on the porch in his bathrobe on a freezing winter morning so his wife would not discover that he had relapsed, when the door accidentally locked behind him. Shivering and chastened, he decided when his wife finally let him in that it really was time to quit. But from our first meeting, I knew that his habit would be hard to beat. Every aspect of his waking life, from morning coffee to nighttime television, was entwined with smoking. And when he described the effects of smoking, he lapsed into a dreamy adoration usually reserved for lovers. He waxed eloquent about its relaxant and pleasurable effects, as well as the positive effects it had on his concentration and alertness. To me, he was a walking textbook on the pharmacologic effects of nicotine. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 7529 - Posted: 06.21.2005

By BENEDICT CAREY Political scientists have long held that people's upbringing and experience determine their political views. A child raised on peace protests and Bush-loathing generally tracks left as an adult, unless derailed by some powerful life experience. One reared on tax protests and a hatred of Kennedys usually lists to the right. Inheriting AttitudesBut on the basis of a new study, a team of political scientists is arguing that people's gut-level reaction to issues like the death penalty, taxes and abortion is strongly influenced by genetic inheritance. The new research builds on a series of studies that indicate that people's general approach to social issues - more conservative or more progressive - is influenced by genes. Environmental influences like upbringing, the study suggests, play a more central role in party affiliation as a Democrat or Republican, much as they do in affiliation with a sports team. The report, which appears in the current issue of The American Political Science Review, the profession's premier journal, uses genetics to help answer several open questions in political science. They include why some people defect from the party in which they were raised and why some political campaigns, like the 2004 presidential election, turn into verbal blood sport, though polls find little disparity in most Americans' views on specific issues like gun control and affirmative action. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 7528 - Posted: 06.21.2005

Talk about melting away the pounds. Researchers have developed a new mouse that sheds its fat when injected with a certain chemical. The mouse's creators hope the animal will offer insights not only into the biology of fat, but also into diseases driven by obesity and even the genesis of certain cancers. The fatless mouse, dubbed FAT-ATTAC, isn't the first of its kind. Scientists had generated other genetically modified mice that are fatless from birth. But those animals often have an array of other defects, such as severe insulin resistance, which makes it difficult to isolate the role played by fat--or its absence. Physiologist Philipp Scherer of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, with his colleagues, set out to create animals that developed normally into adulthood and whose fat stores could then be melted away at will. To accomplish this, the team genetically altered the fat cells of mice so that a certain chemical would lock on to a molecule inside fat cells, setting off a chain reaction that compels the cells to commit suicide. FAT-ATTAC mice injected with the chemical lost all their fat within 3 or 4 days, says Scherer. Their appetites also surged, suggesting a link between rapid fat loss and high metabolism (since the mice couldn't store the energy they were consuming), though Scherer isn't sure what's behind that change. The mice also have far lower levels of inflammatory markers in their blood, the group reports in the 19 June online edition of Nature Medicine. Scherer says that suggests that obesity helps mediate inflammation and adds credence to the idea that obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, are partly inflammatory in origin. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7527 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Mark H. Lewis, Ph.D., and Martin Lazoritz, M.D. Autism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and language and communication, as well as the expression of restricted, repetitive behavior. Prevalence rates of autism have increased significantly, with some estimates in the range of one in 500 individuals affected. Although autism is highly heritable (as high as 90% concordance rate for monozygotic twins), the phenotype is quite variable. Moreover, a large number of potential genetic (e.g., chromosome 7) and environmental (e.g., toxins, viruses, food constituents) factors may be involved suggesting multiple, varying etiologies. Thus, autism is an enormously heterogeneous disorder with a wide range of symptom expression across individuals as well as across disorders on the autism spectrum (high-functioning autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified). In addition, up to 75% of individuals with autism function within the mental retardation range of intellectual development, whereas individuals with high-functioning autism or Asperger's syndrome can be highly intelligent. There is also significant comorbidity in this population, with affective and attention disorders commonly observed. All of these factors make effective pharmacological treatment a challenging proposition. To add to the challenge, no medication is available that effectively treats the core social and communication deficits that define autism. As we shall illustrate in the following sections, that is not the case for restricted, repetitive behaviors. Nonetheless, current drug therapies have been termed palliative treatments (Gerlai and Gerlai, 2004), and behavioral interventions remain the mainstay of treatment. © 2005 Psychiatric Times. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 7526 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Richard Balon, M.D. The discipline of psychopharmacology has expanded enormously during the last several decades. Psychiatrists and other physicians have been using medications for almost every diagnosis. The pressure from patients, families, insurance companies and the pharmaceutical industry to provide a quick fix for all maladies has been increasing. There is no doubt that our armamentarium has widened and that we have more medications for mental illnesses available. These medications are fairly efficacious and fairly well tolerated. However, as illustrated in several articles in this Special Report, while the treatment of mental illness with medications has definitely advanced, it is neither quick nor easy. Instead, it has become more complex and complicated. The foremost illustration of the complexity of modern-era prescribing of psychotropic medications is the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration "black box" warning regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents. Some reports suggest that there is an increased risk of suicidality associated with antidepressants compared to placebo. While this issue remains unclear, the FDA felt compelled to warn patients, their families and their physicians about this possible risk. In this Special Report, David A. Brent, M.D., provides us with insight on this issue, suggesting that patients and families should be educated about the benefits and risks of antidepressants, other therapies for depression and monitoring of various symptoms. © 2005 Psychiatric Times. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Depression
Link ID: 7525 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Katherine A. Halmi, M.D. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are the two major eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by weight loss, an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image and amenorrhea. Bulimia nervosa is a disorder in which binge eating is the predominant behavior. People with BN engage in some sort of compensatory behavior to counteract the potential weight gain from calories ingested during bingeing. They are frequently overconcerned about their physical appearance. Why are these disorders difficult to diagnose? Patients with AN do not wish to be diagnosed because they do not wish to be treated. They deny the core symptomatology of their disorder and will often try to mislead their primary care provider into believing there are other medical issues causing their weight loss. Thus, it is very helpful to obtain further information from family members about the patient's behavior, if possible. Furthermore, there are problems with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for AN and BN (see Table 1 for an abbreviated version). The DSM-IV criteria are undergoing scrutiny because many patients suffering from eating disorders do not quite fit. For AN, the criterion of weight loss would seem to be noncontroversial. However, there is no consensus as to how weight loss should be calculated. Some investigators emphasize a total weight loss from an original high weight, and others emphasize weight loss below a normal weight for age and height. © 2005 Psychiatric Times. All rights reserved.

Keyword: Anorexia & Bulimia
Link ID: 7524 - Posted: 06.24.2010

The route to a treatment for Alzheimer's disease may have become more straightforward with the discovery that a key enzyme known to have a major role in this disease is in fact part of a family of enzymes. Only some family members play a role in the progression of this brain-wasting illness, new research at the University of Toronto has found. "It was previously thought that an enzyme called gamma-secretase contributed to the development of protein deposits in the Alzheimer's brain. This study shows that this enzyme is more accurately described as a family of enzymes, each with its own specialization," explains Professor David Westaway of U of T's Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and senior author of a paper in the June 21 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Gamma-secretase enzymes generate toxic molecules called amyloid-beta peptides. These peptides produce deposits called amyloid plaques, the brain lesions that are a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease. If scientists can stop these enzymes from working, they will be able to stop their resulting toxic molecules from forming in the brain. Complicating the situation is the fact that the gamma-secretase enzyme was also thought to be involved in healthy functioning of other tissues; therefore, therapies would have to inhibit the negative effects while maintaining the normal functioning of other cells. Westaway and his research colleagues used genetically-engineered mice to show that toxic activity of gamma-secretase could be separated from its other benign activities.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7523 - Posted: 06.21.2005