Moderate alcohol consumption over a relatively long period of time can enhance the formation of new nerve cells in the adult brain. The new cells could prove important in the development of alcohol dependency and other long-term effects of alcohol on the brain. The findings are published by Karolinska Institutet. The study, which was carried out on mice, examined alcohol consumption corresponding to that found in normal social situations. The results show that moderate drinking enhances the formation of new cells in the adult brain. The cells survive and develop into nerve cells in the normal manner. No increase in neuronal atrophy, however, could be demonstrated. It is generally accepted these days that new nerve cells are continually being formed in the adult brain. One suggestion is that these new neurons could be important for memory and learning. The number of new cells formed is governed by a number of factors such as stress, depression, physical activity and antidepressants. “We believe that the increased production of new nerve cells during moderate alcohol consumption can be important for the development of alcohol addiction and other long-term effects of alcohol on the brain,” says associate professor Stefan Brené. “It is also possible that it is the ataractic effect of moderate alcohol consumption that leads to the formation of new brain cells, much in the same way as with antidepressive drugs.” © Karolinska Institutet,

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Neurogenesis
Link ID: 7257 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Physical activity appears to inhibit Alzheimer's-like brain changes in mice, slowing the development of a key feature of the disease, according to a new study. The research demonstrated that long-term physical activity enhanced the learning ability of mice and decreased the level of plaque-forming beta-amyloid protein fragments--a hallmark characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD)--in their brains. A number of population-based studies suggest that lifestyle interventions may help to slow the onset and progression of AD. Because of these studies, scientists are seeking to find out if and how physically or cognitively stimulating activity might delay the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, scientists have now shown in an animal model system that one simple behavioral intervention--exercise--could delay, or even prevent, development of AD-like pathology by decreasing beta-amyloid levels. Results of this study, conducted by Paul A. Adlard, Ph.D., Carl W. Cotman, Ph.D., and colleagues at the University of California, Irvine, are published in the April 27, 2005, issue of The Journal of Neuroscience. The research was funded in part by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), a component of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Additional funding was provided by the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7256 - Posted: 04.27.2005

Advertising drugs directly to patients has a “profound effect” on the way doctors prescribe, finds a new study in which actors posed as patients. Drug companies have poured billions of dollars into direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising in the US since the rules governing mass media advertising for prescription drugs were relaxed in 1997. Other countries - such as the UK, for example - do not permit advertising directly to patients. But critics charge that DTC advertising can lead to over-prescribing which might be potentially harmful, while proponents say that giving patients knowledge about drugs can avert the under-use of effective treatments. Now a study by US researchers shows that actors consulting doctors and mentioning a particular antidepressant drug advertised on television are much more likely to get that prescription than if they do not request any medication. “Our study supplies direct experimental evidence that DTC advertisement-driven requests, along with general requests, dramatically boost prescribing,” writes the team, led by Richard Kravitz at the University of California, Davis, US. The researchers acknowledge that these requests can prevent the initial under-treatment of major depression. “But DTC advertising is a two-edged sword, driving requests that seem to be especially effective at encouraging prescribing when drugs may not be needed,” Kravitz told New Scientist. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 7255 - Posted: 06.24.2010

US scientists believe they could use brain stem cells to cure diabetes. Although the work is not yet ready to be tested on human patients, results in animals have been promising, say the Stanford University researchers. They were able to coax the immature brain cells to develop into the insulin-producing islet cells that are lacking in diabetes. Eventually, these could be used for curative transplants, the scientists told the journal PLoS Medicine. Scientists have already been looking at using stem cells taken from embryos to treat diabetes. These are primitive "master" cells that can be programmed to become many kinds of tissue. However, there have been concerns that these cells can turn cancerous, are difficult to work with in the laboratory and raise ethical dilemmas. Dr Seung Kim and colleagues looked at whether adult stem cells taken from the brain might work just as well and avoid some of these issues. Dr Kim said: "When you look at islet cells you realise that they resemble neurons." In some insects, such as fruit flies, the cells that produce insulin and regulate blood sugar are also neurons. (C)BBC

Keyword: Stem Cells; Obesity
Link ID: 7254 - Posted: 04.26.2005

By CHARLES BARBER It often occurs to me, having spent most of the last decade working in shelters for the homeless mentally ill, that I am not where I am supposed to be. I went to all the right schools - Andover, Harvard, Columbia - and was on the fast track for a far more bourgeois and lucrative career, like being a doctor or lawyer. Instead, I spend my days counseling people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression in dingy shelters. My clients tell me harrowing stories of AIDS and heroin, of crack and methadone and sexual abuse, of the voices that plague them. When I read in my college alumni magazine about the activities of my classmates (the second and third houses, the six-figure donations), I often feel a brief pang of regret about my vocational choice. But it quickly dissipates. The truth is, I am exactly where I'm supposed to be. When I was a freshman at Harvard, I was quite suddenly overwhelmed by a steady assault of unwanted, irrational and deeply painful thoughts and ideas. While I'd had brief previews of such mental compulsions as a child and adolescent - having to wear a red shirt to school the next day or horrible things would happen, for example - I had always been able to push them aside. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Schizophrenia
Link ID: 7253 - Posted: 04.26.2005

Using underwater field observations in conjunction with behavioral experiments, researchers have discovered that a small crustacean, the yellow-beaked cleaner shrimp, performs a specialized dance that affects the behavior of large, predatory client fish. This signaling represents shrimp-to-fish communication that allows both hungry cleaner shrimp and parasite-laden client fish to benefit from a non-predatory, "cleaning" interaction. The cleaner-client relationship between the shrimp and the fish fulfills many criteria of an economic market, and in this context the shrimp's signals essentially represent "advertising." The work is reported by Justine Becker and colleagues at the University of Queensland. When unrelated animals cooperate, signals may be used by individuals to avoid potential conflicts. For example, during animal cleaning interactions, which involve a cleaner that removes parasites and other material from the body surfaces of cooperating individuals (known as clients), conflict may arise over the timing and duration of an interaction, over what the cleaner should feed on, or even over the temptation of some clients to eat the cleaner. Marine cleaning interactions are well known for highly stereotyped behaviors that most likely serve as signals.

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 7252 - Posted: 04.26.2005

12-year-old Nathan Van Vleck of Pittsford died after a nearly lifelong fight with an exceedingly rare inherited disease known as vanishing white matter (VWM) disease. As Nathan's illness progressed, the family discussed how it might help other families and patients coping with VWM, and the family decided to allow the study of some of Nathan's brain cells for research purposes. Immediately upon his death in the hospital, a team of neuropathologists and neurobiologists worked through the night to isolate some of Nathan's brain cells, which were then grown and studied in the laboratory. The outcome was an unprecedented in-depth look at the brain cells of a VWM patient. The investigation not only yielded important knowledge about how the disease affects the brain, but it also marks one of the first times that scientists have been able to isolate neural stem cells from a patient and use them to learn what is going wrong in the brain of a patient with a complex neurological disease. The team of scientists from the University of Rochester Medical Center reported its results in the March issue of the prestigious research journal Nature Medicine. VWM targets cells that make up part of the brain's white matter, turning the normally strong and durable substance into a yellowish, gelatin-like material. While we hear a great deal about the importance of our "gray matter," a term that refers to crucial brain cells known as neurons, the brain's white matter is also vital to our health. Our white matter is mostly made up of glial cells that insulate the connections between neurons. In VWM, as the white matter gradually disappears, a child typically has trouble talking and walking. As the disease progresses over several years the child has seizures, goes into a coma and often dies before reaching teen-age years. Currently there is no treatment.

Keyword: Stem Cells; Glia
Link ID: 7251 - Posted: 04.26.2005

A natural, non-toxic byproduct of glucose may prevent brain cell death and cognitive impairment in diabetics following an episode of severely low blood sugar, according to researchers at the San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC). In research studies with rats, senior investigator Raymond A. Swanson, MD, and lead author Sang Won Suh, PhD, demonstrated the effectiveness of pyruvate, a naturally-occurring byproduct of glucose, when administered along with glucose after 30 minutes of diabetic coma. The therapy prevented brain damage and subsequent memory and learning impairment far better than treatment with glucose alone. The study findings, appearing in the May 1, 2005 issue of Diabetes, have direct implications for the treatment of diabetic patients in hypoglycemic coma, according to the researchers. Glucose is a form of sugar that serves as the body's primary fuel. People with diabetes lack the ability to make insulin, the primary enzyme that metabolizes glucose and regulates its levels in the blood, and must inject insulin to make up for this lack. Abnormally low blood glucose is called hypoglycemia; severe hypoglycemia can cause coma. "It's estimated that between 2 and 15 percent of people with diabetes will have at least one episode of diabetic coma resulting from severe hypoglycemia," says Swanson, chief of the Neurology and Rehabilitation Service at SFVAMC and professor of neurology at UCSF.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7250 - Posted: 04.26.2005

By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News — "Live fast, die young" holds true for the coral-reef pygmy goby Eviota sigillata, which has just been identified as the shortest-living vertebrate. With a maximum lifespan of 59 days, the tiny goby won the dubious title over an African fish called Nothobranchius furzeri that dies of old age after two and one half months of life. From birth to death, the new record holder lives a frantic existence in order to keep its species from going extinct. One reason is that the fish are tempting treats for predators. “ I'd like to drive home that we really know very little about the life histories, life cycles, and life styles of coral reef fishes, and that the potential of these to uncover more surprises in biology and evolution are very high. ” "These pygmy gobies are tiny (about a half-inch long) and so just about anything larger and carnivorous will take them," said lead researcher Martial Depczynski of the Center for Coral Reef Biodiversity at James Cook University in Queensland, Australia. "Predators might include dotty backs, cods, lizardfish, coral trout, moray eels, cardinalfishes, probably all take them. I call them the fun size 'Mars bars' of the reef. Little protein snacks!" Copyright © 2005 Discovery Communications Inc.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 7249 - Posted: 06.24.2010

It is possible to read someone’s mind by remotely measuring their brain activity, researchers have shown. The technique can even extract information from subjects that they are not aware of themselves. So far, it has only been used to identify visual patterns a subject can see or has chosen to focus on. But the researchers speculate the approach might be extended to probe a person’s awareness, focus of attention, memory and movement intention. In the meantime, it could help doctors work out if patients apparently in a coma are actually conscious. Scientists have already trained monkeys to move a robotic arm with the power of thought and to recreate scenes moving in front of cats by recording information directly from the feline’s neurons (New Scientist print edition, 2 October 1999). But these processes involve implanting electrodes into their brains to hook them up to a computer. Now Yukiyasu Kamitani, at ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto, Japan, and Frank Tong at Princeton University in New Jersey, US, have achieved similar “mind reading” feats remotely using functional MRI scanning.

Keyword: Brain imaging
Link ID: 7248 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By GINA KOLATA IT turns out that the Duchess of Windsor was, at best, only half right when she said a woman couldn't be too rich or too thin. In fact, researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, in a paper about body weight and health risks published last week, concluded that the very thin run about the same risk of early death as the very fat. Their study showed that 33,000 deaths a year could be avoided if the thinnest 2 percent of Americans were of normal weight. That result was a shock; scientists thought they had proved that thin was best, at least for healthy animals. And it was widely held that eating one-third less than the recommended amount for any individual could extend life. Almost as intriguing as the study's result is the fact that no one can explain it. Were the thin people in the study, with a body mass index below 18.5 (a 5-foot-3 woman weighing 104 pounds, for example) simply very ill, unable to eat? Not likely, said Dr. Katherine Flegal, a statistician at the National Center for Health Statistics and the paper's lead author. She and her colleagues looked at thin people whose weight was stable for at least three years, for at least five years and for at least 10 years. The effect persisted. They looked at thin smokers and thin nonsmokers. The effect remained. Copyright 2005 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 7247 - Posted: 04.25.2005

By Larry Cahill On a gray day in mid-January, Lawrence Summers, the president of Harvard University, suggested that innate differences in the build of the male and female brain might be one factor underlying the relative scarcity of women in science. His remarks reignited a debate that has been smoldering for a century, ever since some scientists sizing up the brains of both sexes began using their main finding--that female brains tend to be smaller--to bolster the view that women are intellectually inferior to men. To date, no one has uncovered any evidence that anatomical disparities might render women incapable of achieving academic distinction in math, physics or engineering. And the brains of men and women have been shown to be quite clearly similar in many ways. Nevertheless, over the past decade investigators have documented an astonishing array of structural, chemical and functional variations in the brains of males and females. These inequities are not just interesting idiosyncrasies that might explain why more men than women enjoy the Three Stooges. They raise the possibility that we might need to develop sex-specific treatments for a host of conditions, including depression, addiction, schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, the differences imply that researchers exploring the structure and function of the brain must take into account the sex of their subjects when analyzing their data--and include both women and men in future studies or risk obtaining misleading results. © 1996-2005 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 7246 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Of the super powers one might like to have, mind-reading would likely land near the top of the list for many people. Now two papers published this week by Nature Neuroscience show how scientists are inching toward this goal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of people's brains, researchers report, can reveal what types of images they have recently seen. Yukiyasu Kamitani of ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto, Japan, and Frank Tong of Princeton University showed subjects one of eight visual stimuli--images with stripes aligned in various orientations. They determined that the MRI data collected while the volunteers were gazing at the images showed slight differences depending on what picture they viewed. The scientists wrote a computer program that recognized the patterns and found that they could successfully predict what images subjects saw. What is more, when a volunteer was shown two sets of stripes simultaneously--but told to pay attention to just one--the team could tell which set the subject was concentrating on. In the second experiment, John-Dylan Haynes and Geraint Rees of University College London showed volunteers two images in quick succession, with the first flashing so quickly that the subjects couldn't clearly identify it. But by analyzing their brain activity, the scientists successfully identified which image had been shown, even when the subjects themselves didn't remember seeing it. © 1996-2005 Scientific American, Inc.

Keyword: Brain imaging
Link ID: 7245 - Posted: 06.24.2010

PET scans and cognitive tests have suggested that Alzheimer's disease patients with genetically modified tissue inserted directly into their brains show a reduction in the rate of cognitive decline and increased metabolic activity in the brain, according to a study published in the April 24, 2005 online issue of the journal Nature Medicine by researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine. PET scans demonstrated an increase in the brain's use of glucose, an indication of increased brain activity, while mental-status tests showed a slowing of the patients' rate of cognitive decline was reduced by 36 to 51 percent. In addition, researchers examined the brain tissue of a study participant who had died and found robust growth of extensions from the dying cholinergic cells near the site of growth factor gene delivery. Cholinergic neuron loss is a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease, a progressive brain disorder affecting memory, learning, attention and other cognitive processes. "If validated in further clinical trials, this would represent a substantially more effective therapy than current treatments for Alzheimer's disease," said Mark Tuszynski, M.D., Ph.D., UCSD professor of neurosciences, neurologist with the VA San Diego Healthcare System, and the study's principal investigator. "This would also represent the first therapy for a human neurological disease that acts by preventing cell death."

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 7244 - Posted: 04.25.2005

A broad retrospective review of the effects of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on memory and other brain functions concludes that, while there may be transient short-term effects, the procedure itself probably does not cause late or permanent neurological effects. In an article published online April 25, 2005, in the Annals of Neurology (www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/ana), the authors argue that the late cognitive declines seen in some long-term studies are likely associated with progression of underlying conditions such as cerebrovascular disease rather than the surgery itself. "We think that there are short-term cognitive changes after CABG in a subset of patients, but absent a frank stroke, these changes are generally mild and transient," said author Ola Selnes, Ph.D., professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. "We believe most patients who experience cognitive decline will return to their baseline by three months or sooner." The exceptions, according to Selnes, might include older patients and those with risk factors for cerebrovascular disease or a history of stroke. In their review article, Selnes and co-author Guy M. McKhann, M.D., also of Johns Hopkins, surveyed the published studies on cognitive changes following CABG. Confusing the issue, they point out, is the variability in the way this question has been approached.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 7243 - Posted: 04.25.2005

An elite squad of real but remote-controlled rats could soon be scouring enemy bases and sniffing out explosives for the US military. The rodents are directed using a series of brain implants, which can be operated wirelessly from a distance of several hundred metres. Now, for the first time, the researchers behind the project have demonstrated the ability to control the rodents' movements before activating their “sniffer dog” instincts. John Chapin and colleagues at the State University of New York, US, say the rats could eventually sniff out hidden weapons or act as remote video sensors for military and police forces. With colleagues from the University of Florida in Gainesville, US, they have previously shown that brain implants can be used to steer the rats over an assault course, or home in on a particular odour. But combining the two tricks is a significant step towards turning them into useful “robo-rodents”. "It's important to have them switch between behaviours," Chapin told New Scientist. "Obviously, there are a lot of very important potential applications.” The rats are remotely controlled using electrodes inserted into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), a part of their brain associated with reward, and the somatosensory cortical area, which is linked to the right and left whiskers. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Robotics; Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste)
Link ID: 7242 - Posted: 06.24.2010

THE way patterns of shift work are organised could be causing major health problems, according to a pair of reports commissioned by the UK government body that regulates workplace safety. The reports, prepared for the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), show that offshore oil workers adopting the most popular shift pattern have a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes. This pattern also makes workers more tired and inattentive, increasing the chance of accidents and mistakes. Chronobiologist Josephine Arendt and her team at the University of Surrey in Guildford and psychologist Andrew Smith and colleagues at Cardiff University in Wales separately studied the physiological and psychological health of a group of 45 men working on offshore oil rigs. Both teams compared the two main shift schedules operated on a two-week tour of duty. One was a simple 12-hour shift, with workers staying on night shifts or day shifts for the full two weeks. The other was a split rota of seven night shifts followed by seven day shifts. This was more popular with the workers because they were already adapted to night sleeping when they returned home. But it proved worst for their health. Urine tests from workers on the split shift revealed that levels of melatonin, the sleep-regulating hormone normally secreted at night, did not become synchronised to the new sleep times after shift changes. As well as being more tired and less attentive on the job, these unadapted workers showed signs of being at risk of long-term health effects. The men had abnormally high levels of fatty acids circulating in their blood after meals, compared with the day shift or adapted workers. This increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. "The swing shift is the killer," says Arendt. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Biological Rhythms
Link ID: 7241 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Paul Rincon BBC News science reporter Mice have been placed in a state of near suspended animation, raising the possibility that hibernation could one day be induced in humans. If so, it might be possible to put astronauts into hibernation-like states for long-haul space flights - as often depicted in science fiction films. A US team from Seattle reports its findings in Science magazine. In this case, suspended animation means the reversible cessation of all visible life processes in an organism. The researchers from the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle put the mice in a chamber filled with air laced with 80 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) - the malodorous gas that gives rotten eggs their stink. Hydrogen sulphide can be deadly in high concentrations. But it is also produced normally in humans and animals, and is believed to help regulate body temperature and metabolic activity. In addition to its possible use in space travel, the ability to induce a hibernation-like state could have widespread uses in medicine. Lead investigator Dr Mark Roth said this might ultimately lead to new ways of treating cancer, and preventing injury and death from insufficient blood supply to organs and tissues. During hibernation, activity in the body's cells slows to a near standstill, dramatically cutting the animal's need for oxygen. If humans could be freed from their dependence on oxygen, it could buy time for critically ill patients on organ-transplant lists and in operating rooms, said Dr Roth. "Manipulating this molecular mechanism for clinical benefit potentially could revolutionise treatment for a host of human ills related to ischaemia (deficiency of the blood supply), or damage to living tissue from lack of oxygen," he explained. But he added that any procedure in a clinical setting would likely be administered via injection rather than by getting patients to inhale a gas. (C)BBC

Keyword: Sleep; Biological Rhythms
Link ID: 7240 - Posted: 04.23.2005

Workers distracted by email and phone calls suffer a fall in IQ more than twice that found in marijuana smokers, new research has claimed. The study for computing firm Hewlett Packard warned of a rise in "infomania", with people becoming addicted to email and text messages. Researchers found 62% of people checked work messages at home or on holiday. The firm said new technology can help productivity, but users must learn to switch computers and phones off. The study, carried out at the Institute of Psychiatry, found excessive use of technology reduced workers' intelligence. Those distracted by incoming email and phone calls saw a 10-point fall in their IQ - more than twice that found in studies of the impact of smoking marijuana, said researchers. More than half of the 1,100 respondents said they always responded to an email "immediately" or as soon as possible, with 21% admitting they would interrupt a meeting to do so. (C)BBC

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Intelligence
Link ID: 7239 - Posted: 04.23.2005

Bernadette Tansey, Chronicle Staff Writer The Food and Drug Administration has asked the makers of all epilepsy drugs to re-examine their clinical trial data in response to claims that one of the medicines, Pfizer's Neurontin, boosts the risk of suicide. Word of the FDA action came in response to a petition filed last May by personal injury attorney Andrew Finkelstein, who has been urging the agency to warn doctors that the commonly prescribed drug Neurontin can lead to severe depression and suicide. Neurontin, with $2.7 billion in sales last year, has been prescribed to more than 10 million people since it was put on the market in 1994. Although it was formally approved for patients suffering from epilepsy and later for pain related to a skin disorder, it has since been prescribed for illnesses ranging from psychiatric disorders to back pain. Finkelstein bases his claims on the FDA's own records as well as 318 suicides and about 2,000 suicide attempts among families he represents. The FDA's inquiry comes as it tries to repair its image as the guardian of drug safety after a series of controversies over its response to warnings about serious side effects linked to several other blockbuster medicines. ©2005 San Francisco Chronicle

Keyword: Epilepsy; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 7238 - Posted: 06.24.2010