By JOHN TIERNEY Suppose that Mark and Bill live in a deterministic universe. Everything that happens this morning — like Mark’s decision to wear a blue shirt, or Bill’s latest attempt to comb over his bald spot — is completely caused by whatever happened before it. If you recreated this universe starting with the Big Bang and let all events proceed exactly the same way until this same morning, then the blue shirt is as inevitable as the comb-over. Now for questions from experimental philosophers: 1) In this deterministic universe, is it possible for a person to be fully morally responsible for his actions? 2) This year, as he has often done in the past, Mark arranges to cheat on his taxes. Is he is fully morally responsible for his actions? 3) Bill falls in love with his secretary, and he decides that the only way to be with her is to murder his wife and three children. Before leaving on a trip, he arranges for them to be killed while he is away. Is Bill fully morally responsible for his actions? To a classic philosopher, these are just three versions of the same question about free will. But to the new breed of philosophers who test people’s responses to concepts like determinism, there are crucial differences, as Shaun Nichols explains in the current issue of Science. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Attention
Link ID: 15124 - Posted: 03.22.2011

By RONI CARYN RABIN Women who take codeine, oxycodone and other opioid pain drugs early in pregnancy may be exposing their babies to a higher risk of birth defects, a new study suggests. Though the overall numbers were small, babies whose mothers took opioids were considerably more likely than others to have congenital problems, including a potentially fatal syndrome in which the left part of the heart does not develop completely; spina bifida; and gastroschisis, in which the intestines stick out of the body. The study, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was one of the largest to examine the effects of opioid use during pregnancy. It appeared last month in The American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. It used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study about mothers in 10 states who gave birth from 1997 to 2005. Of 17,449 mothers whose babies had a birth defect, 454, or 2.6 percent, reported treatment with opioid analgesics a month before pregnancy or during the three months after conception. In the comparison group of 6,701 women, the rate of opioid treatment was 2.0 percent. “Opioids and their receptors act as growth regulators during embryologic development, which may explain our findings,” said Cheryl S. Broussard, the paper’s lead author. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Development of the Brain
Link ID: 15123 - Posted: 03.22.2011

by Sheril Kirshenbaum; Ill 1 Only you: Human lips are different from those of all other animals because they are everted, meaning that they purse outward. 2 But we are not the only species to engage in kissing-like behaviors. Great apes press their lips together to express excitement, affection, or reconciliation. 3 Scientists are not sure why humans kiss, but some think the answer lies in early feeding experiences. Through nursing and (in some cultures) receiving pre-chewed food from a parent's mouth, infants may learn to associate lip pressure with a loving act. 4 Another possibility: Smelling a loved one's cheek has long served as a means of recognition in cultures around the world, from New Zealand to Alaska. Over time, a brush of the lips may have become a traditional accompaniment. 5 And yet kissing is not universal, leading some experts, like anthropologist Vaughn Bryant of Texas A&M, to think it might actually be a learned behavior. 6 The Roman military introduced kissing to many non-kissing cultures (after its conquests were over, presumably); later it was European explorers who carried the torch. © 2011, Kalmbach Publishing Co.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Emotions
Link ID: 15122 - Posted: 03.22.2011

By BRYSON VOIRIN I love to sleep. That feeling when you wake up fully rested, crisp and fresh, is nirvana. Sleep is essential part of our daily lives. Stop sleeping and your body starts losing function, mental clarity evaporates, and you eventually die. Sleep seems to be essential for all animals, given that every animal studied has been found to sleep. Insects, fish, birds, and I all participate in this daily phenomenon. But why do we sleep? What purpose does it serve? The truth is, we don’t really know. We know loads about the neuronal pathways that define the various stages of sleep. We also know what happens when we are sleep-deprived (think of staying up all night for a final exam). But the true purpose of this curious state that we enter nightly remains mysterious. Many researchers are working on solving this enigma through various clinical, experimental and observational studies on humans and animals. For years, researchers have recorded sleep in animals ranging from mice to elephants. But these animals have always been captive, caged or otherwise restrained. Our lab at the Max Planck Institute is the only group studying sleep in wild, unrestrained animals. There is enormous variation in the natural world, with some animals sleeping only two hours a day, while others require 20 hours. To properly understand this variation we have to study them in their natural habitat. It’s not that surprising that the behavior of captive animals is significantly different from that of their wild counterparts. Imagine if I studied sleep only in people on airplanes, and used that to infer that this is their “normal” sleeping pattern. We are hardly the first people to suspect there are differences in the sleep patterns of wild and captive animals. We are just the first to have the technology to effectively study it in the wild. © 2011 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 15121 - Posted: 03.21.2011

Scientists have shown how a single protein may trigger autistic spectrum disorders by stopping effective communication between brain cells. The team from Duke University in North Carolina created autistic mice by mutating the gene which controls production of the protein, Shank3. The animals exhibited social problems, and repetitive behaviour - both classic signs of autism and related conditions. The Nature study raises hopes of the first effective drug treatments. Autism is a disorder which, to varying degrees, affects the ability of children and adults to communicate and interact socially. While hundreds of genes linked to the condition have been found, the precise combination of genetics, biochemistry and other environmental factors which produce autism is still unclear. Each patient has only one or a handful of those mutations, making it difficult to develop drugs to treat the disorder. Shank3 is found in the synapses - the junctions between brain cells (neurons) that allow them to communicate with each other. The researchers created mice which had a mutated form of Shank3, and found that these animals avoided social interactions with other mice. BBC © MMXI

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 15120 - Posted: 03.21.2011

By James Gallagher Health reporter, BBC News A new way of delivering drugs to the brain has been developed by scientists at the University of Oxford. They used the body's own transporters - exosomes - to deliver drugs in an experiment on mice. The authors say the study, in Nature Biotechnology, could be vital for treating diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Muscular Dystrophy. The Alzheimer's Society said the study was "exciting" and could lead to more effective treatments. Research barrier One of the medical challenges with diseases of the brain is getting any treatment to cross the blood-brain barrier. The barrier exists to protect the brain, preventing bacteria from crossing over from the blood, while letting oxygen through. However, this has also produced problems for medicine, as drugs can also be blocked. In this study the researchers used exosomes to cross that barrier. Exosomes are like the body's own fleet of incredibly small vans, transporting materials between cells. BBC © MMXI

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 15119 - Posted: 03.21.2011

CONJURE up an image of a financial risk-taker, and you'll probably picture an aggressive Wall Street trader, testosterone surging as he closes the deal. But new research suggests that people with low levels of the male sex hormone are also likely to take financial risks. Previous studies have linked high levels of testosterone to certain risk-seeking behaviours. To investigate whether financial risk-taking follows a similar pattern, Scott Huettel at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, measured the testosterone levels of 298 people, who then took part in trials in which they chose between a fixed known reward or a gamble between getting a payout - mostly larger than the fixed reward - or nothing. Overall, the volunteers generally preferred the known return than the gamble, even if they would have been better off, on average, by taking a chance. Surprisingly, the biggest risks were taken by people with very high or very low testosterone, compared with the average levels for their gender (Psychological Science, DOI: 10.1177/0956797611401752). Economists want to predict who is likely to be successful at playing financial markets, says Dario Mastripieri at the University of Chicago. "It's legitimate to ask if biology is going to have an effect." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Hormones & Behavior; Emotions
Link ID: 15118 - Posted: 03.21.2011

By Steve Connor, Science Editor They range in size from the tiny Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, weighing little more than an ounce, to the 440lb mountain gorilla. And the primate species, of course, incorporates humans, once famously described as the "third chimpanzee" because of the close genetic similarity with the two living species of chimp, the common chimp and the bonobo. Even without the human component, the primates would include some of the most intelligent life forms on the planet and their extraordinary success is largely down to their relatively large brains, binocular vision and ability to grasp and manipulate objects between their four digits and opposable thumb. Now for the first time scientists have drawn a comprehensive family tree of all living species of primates based on a systematic analysis of scores of key genes embedded within their DNA. It shows that Homo sapiens is just one of dozens of primate species that share a common ancestor, probably a small, shrew-like creature that lived during the age of the dinosaurs some 85 million years ago. The complete phylogenetic tree of primates, published in the online journal PLoS Genetics, is based on a comparative analysis of some 54 separate gene regions within the genomes of 186 species of living primates covering the entire family tree, from the smallest lemur to the largest great ape. Scientists believe the study can, for the first time, accurately place Man within the much bigger and more complex tree of relationships that define primates. It should, they insist, provide invaluable insights into early human origins, as well as the diseases we share with our closest relatives. ©independent.co.uk

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 15117 - Posted: 03.19.2011

Philip Ball A pianist plays a series of notes, and the woman echoes them on a computerized music system. The woman then goes on to play a simple improvised melody over a looped backing track. It doesn't sound like much of a musical challenge — except that the woman is paralysed after a stroke, and can make only eye, facial and slight head movements. She is making the music purely by thinking. This is a trial of a computer-music system that interacts directly with the user's brain, by picking up the tiny electrical impulses of neurons. The device, developed by composer and computer-music specialist Eduardo Miranda of the University of Plymouth, UK, working with computer scientists at the University of Essex, should eventually help people with severe physical disabilities, caused by brain or spinal-cord injuries, for example, to make music for recreational or therapeutic purposes. The findings are published online in the journal Music and Medicine1. "This is an interesting avenue, and might be very useful for patients," says Rainer Goebel, a neuroscientist at Maastricht University in the Netherlands who works on brain-computer interfacing. Evidence suggests that musical participation can be beneficial for people with neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease. But people who have almost no muscle movement have generally been excluded from such benefits, and can enjoy music only through passive listening. © 2011 Nature Publishing Group,

Keyword: Hearing; Robotics
Link ID: 15116 - Posted: 03.19.2011

By Rachel Ehrenberg Nerve cell tendrils readily thread their way through tiny semiconductor tubes, researchers find, forming a crisscrossed network like vines twining towards the sun. The discovery that offshoots from nascent mouse nerve cells explore the specially designed tubes could lead to tricks for studying nervous system diseases or testing the effects of potential drugs. Such a system may even bring researchers closer to brain-computer interfaces that seamlessly integrate artificial limbs or other prosthetic devices. “This is quite innovative and interesting,” says nanomaterials expert Nicholas Kotov of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. “There is a great need for interfaces between electronic and neuronal tissues.” To lay the groundwork for a nerve-electronic hybrid, graduate student Minrui Yu of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and his colleagues created tubes of layered silicon and germanium, materials that could insulate electric signals sent by a nerve cell. The tubes were various sizes and shapes and big enough for a nerve cell’s extensions to crawl through but too small for the cell’s main body to get inside. When the team seeded areas outside the tubes with mouse nerve cells the cells went exploring, sending their threadlike projections into the tubes and even following the curves of helical tunnels, the researchers report in an upcoming ACS Nano. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Robotics
Link ID: 15115 - Posted: 03.19.2011

by John C. Cannon Sonar drives beaked whales long distances from their favorite deep-water habitats, according to the first study conducted during actual U.S. Navy exercises. The finding could explain why these whales sometimes end up in dangerously shallow water where they could strand. It also suggests that the level of sonar that the Navy considers safe may be too high. Blainville's beaked whales belong to a mysterious family of long-snouted whales that prowl kilometer-deep ocean canyons, often far from land. And yet, beaked whales often turn up stranded shortly after the intense sonar exercises the Navy uses to train sailors to detect silent enemy submarines. During one such event in 2000, six beaked whales died on beaches in the Bahamas following Navy testing. Some researchers have hypothesized that sonar noise scares whales into dangerous dive patterns, causing disorienting bends-like symptoms that could throw them off course and into unfamiliar shallow water. But solid evidence for sonar's effects on whale behavior has remained elusive, in part because these whales spend so little time at the surface that charting their behavior is difficult. Previous studies have also played back sonar recordings rather than tracking the effects of actual Navy exercises. So in the new study, animal behaviorist Peter Tyack of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts and colleagues enlisted the Navy's help. The researchers set up at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center in the Bahamas, where the Navy trains sailors in sonar use. With a set of underwater microphones, they listened for the "click trains" of Blainville's beaked whales—signature sets of clicks that the animals use to home in on squid and other favorite prey in the murky depths of the sea. © 2010 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Hearing; Animal Migration
Link ID: 15114 - Posted: 03.19.2011

By Linda Carroll and JoNel Aleccia A wave of nausea washed over Marcie Iseli shortly after her CT scan finished. Then her head started to feel strange, as if heat was emanating from somewhere deep inside. Her face started to feel uncomfortably warm, like she’d been sunburned. She’d gone in for the brain scan because of headaches and nerve pain on one side of her face, but now doctors had no idea what was wrong with her — especially since the scan showed no abnormalities. Two weeks later, clumps of her hair started falling out, followed by debilitating fatigue and problems with balance and memory. “I lost a 4-inch wide strip of hair that went from one side of my head to the other, recalls the 36-year-old mother of two from Kenova, W.Va. “I went to my family physician and then to a dermatologist who said he’d never seen anything like it.” It was two months before Iseli learned the cause of her mysterious symptoms: She’d gotten an overdose of radiation during the scan of her head, a blast almost eight times the expected amount. Within minutes, Iseli became a victim of radiation poisoning, with some of the same symptoms and possible long-term effects that may face workers now exposed to high levels of radiation at Japan’s ailing Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. While Iseli’s targeted medical overdose is not the same as the full-body blast of a nuclear accident, it does offer some insight into the experience of radiation exposure, doctors say. © 2011 msnbc.com

Keyword: Brain imaging
Link ID: 15113 - Posted: 03.17.2011

by Ferris Jabr Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease has moved a step closer to acceptance in the wake of its first successful double-blind clinical trial. In 2007, Andrew Feigin of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York, and colleagues conducted an open-label trial – one in which both patients and researchers know which trial members are receiving the treatment and which are given a placebo – to assess a new gene therapy for Parkinson's, which is a neurodegenerative disorder. They demonstrated that a gene that codes for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) can improve the condition of people with the disease when injected into their brains. GAD is an enzyme that catalyses production of an inhibitory neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Typically, people with Parkinson's produce too little GABA, and consequently have overstimulation in an area of the brain called the subthalamic nucleus. This overactivity in turn puts strain on neurons that produce another neurotransmitter – dopamine – which is vital for movement control. This helps explain some of the symptoms of Parkinson's, which include tremors, sluggish movements, rigid muscles and impaired posture and balance. Now the team have put their therapy to the ultimate test: a double-blind clinical trial in which neither the patient nor the clinical staff – other than the surgeons performing the procedures – knew who was receiving the therapy and who was given a placebo. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Parkinsons; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 15112 - Posted: 03.17.2011

Ewen Callaway A sperm's path to an egg is more a deadly obstacle course than a track sprint. The one ejaculated sperm cell in a million that is lucky enough to reach the fallopian tubes, where eggs await fertilization, must conquer thick, gelatinous layers of mucus and cells surrounding the egg to reach its prize. Fortunately for the sperm, there is help. Two studies published today in Nature1,2 show how sperm sense progesterone, a female sex hormone, that has been released by cells surrounding the egg. The hormone may guide the sperm towards the egg as well as giving it a final push to get there, the research suggests. The findings could be used to design a new class of contraceptive drug. "It really is a significant step forward in terms of how we understand what regulates sperm," says Steven Publicover, a reproductive biologist at the University of Birmingham, UK, who was not involved in either study. In some previous experiments, ejaculated human sperm have been shown to swim towards areas with high levels of progesterone. The hormone also causes the cells to beat their whip-like tails more powerfully to make it through to the egg, a condition called hyperactivity. "We've got good reason to think that the response to progesterone matters, but it's bloody difficult to pin it down," says Publicover. Changing channel The latest studies, led by independent teams in Germany and the United States who agreed to publish their findings simultaneously, show that progesterone activates a molecular channel called CatSper, which floods sperm cells with calcium. © 2011 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 15111 - Posted: 03.17.2011

By Tina Hesman Saey There’s a little Hannibal Lecter in all of us. But while the famous cannibal dined on chunks of his enemies and friends, most people stick to gnawing on themselves at a microscopic level. In fact, the cells of organisms from yeast to humans regularly engage in self-cannibalism. Cells chew on bits of their cytoplasm — the jellylike substance that fills their bellies — and dine on their own internal organs, although usually without the fava beans and Chianti. It may sound macabre, but gorging on one’s own innards, a process called autophagy, is a means of self-preservation, cleansing and stress management. “It has become evident that it is really an essential or vital function,” says Fulvio Reggiori, a cell biologist at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands. A munch here gets rid of garbage that might otherwise clog the system. A nibble there rids cells of malfunctioning parts. One chomp disposes of invading microbes. In lean times, all that stands between a cell and starvation may be the ability to bite off and recycle bits of itself. And in the last decade or so it has become clear that self-eating can also make the difference between health and disease. “Too much or too little autophagy is a problem,” says Daniel Klionsky, a cell biologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. A cell that bites off more than it can chew can kill itself, Klionsky says. A few rare genetic diseases are linked to an excess of unsuccessful autophagy: The muscles of people with Danon disease, Pompe disease and X-linked myopathy can become weak after filling up with Pac-Man–like structures that put the bite on the cell’s insides but can’t finish digesting. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Huntingtons
Link ID: 15110 - Posted: 03.17.2011

By Travis Riddle You are probably aware that eating plants is good for you. However, what you may not know is that plants can provide benefits even if your taste buds run for cover at the first mention of spinach. New research is beginning to show that just having plants in your workspace may improve how you think. In a study to be published in the Journal of Environmental Psychology, researchers show that the mere presence of plants in an office setting boosts one’s ability to maintain attention. As humans spend more of their lives in front of screens, scientists have devoted more attention to the effects these artificial environments have on the mind. Sometimes, this new study suggests, it may be possible to reap benefits with simple changes in decorating strategy. These findings build on a body of research based on Attention Restoration Theory. According to this theory, the reason why you can stare at spreadsheets for only so long before wanting to toss your computer monitor through the window is that everyone has a limited capacity for this kind of work. This limited capacity system makes use of “directed attention” which is effortful, controlled voluntarily, and diminishes with use. © 2011 Scientific American

Keyword: Attention; Emotions
Link ID: 15109 - Posted: 03.17.2011

By Susan Milius Not to cause dinner table shouting or new excesses of political punditry — but in a test of a particular leadership skill among elephants, age and experience really did trump youth and beauty. Elephant matriarchs 60 years of age or older tended to assess threats in a simulated crisis more accurately than younger matriarchs did, says Karen McComb of the University of Sussex in Brighton, England. When researchers played recordings of various lion roars, elephant groups with older matriarchs grew especially defensive at the sound of male cats. Younger matriarchs’ families underreacted, McComb and her colleagues report in an upcoming Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. The older females have it right, McComb says. Male lions rarely attack an elephant, but when they do, they can be especially deadly: A single male can bring down an elephant calf. Studying leadership among animals has become an active research area. “People have become intrigued by some of the parallels between the sorts of characteristics that seem to define a leader in animals and in humans,” McComb says. The new elephant approach “is definitely novel,” says psychologist Mark van Vugt of VU University Amsterdam, who studies the evolution of leadership. The new paper extends a general observation — that older individuals show more leadership in tasks involving specialized knowledge — into situations involving threats. © Society for Science & the Public 2000 - 2011

Keyword: Learning & Memory; Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 15108 - Posted: 03.17.2011

By Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Diane Rogers-Ramachandran Stare at the tiny, central black fixation spot on the white cross in a. After 30 seconds, transfer your gaze to a neutral gray background. You should see a dark—almost black—cross fading in and out. It is especially pronounced if you blink your eyes to revive the image to slow down the fading. This effect is called a negative afterimage because the persistent ghost of the cross is the opposite of what you were looking at—it is dark instead of light. When you fixated on the white cross, you “fatigued” the retinal light receptors by bleaching out the cone pigments. So when you look at neutral gray, the region corresponding to where the white cross had been fires less vigorously than the surrounding area, and the net result is that it is seen as a dark cross. Why does the cross fade? Partly because the fatigued receptors recover slowly as the bleached pigment regenerates. In contrast, with real images our eyes are in constant motion—images sail and jerk across the retina as we scan rooms, roads, texts or faces to identify novel or important bits. This continual movement prevents adaptation or fatigue because new patterns are constantly on any retinal area. With intense focus, you can eliminate all voluntary movements, and you should notice certain objects slowly fade away, as in b (termed the Troxler effect or Troxler fading). This fading is intermittent because your eyes never completely stop moving. Microscopic involuntary trembling characterizes even the steadiest fixation. This “physiological nystagmus” allows the brain’s edge-detecting neurons to avoid being fatigued, even during fixation, by providing moment-to-moment refreshing. But an afterimage, unlike a real image, remains stuck to the retina so the neurons are not refreshed and fatigue quickly kicks in. © 2011 Scientific American

Keyword: Vision
Link ID: 15107 - Posted: 03.15.2011

Matt Kaplan The logical argument that ancient human ancestors had to have mastered fire before departing balmy Africa for the often freezing climes of Europe is being challenged by a review revealing that there is no evidence to support the idea. Exactly when fire became a tool in the hominin toolbox is a thorny issue. Unlike stone tools, which hold together reasonably well over the course of time and can be dated as having been in hominin hands for at least 2.6 million years, the ash and charcoal that are often the only remains from ancient fires are rare in the fossil record as they are easily destroyed by the elements. Yet because fire makes food so much more energy efficient to consume and has such a key role in providing warmth, most anthropologists have agreed that hominins had to have mastered fire before they headed into Europe. "We assumed fire had to be an element of the human toolkit to survive northern-latitude winters," says archaeologist, Francesco d'Errico at the University of Bordeaux in France. As logical as the argument seems, the review, published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1, suggests that it is wrong. Wil Roebroeks at Leiden University in the Netherlands and Paola Villa at the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, searched the European archaeological record for fires and found that the earliest possible evidence comes from two 400,000-year-old sites, one in England that seems to have the remains of an ancient hearth and one in Germany that has a charred wooden tool and heated flint present. © 2011 Nature Publishing Group,

Keyword: Evolution
Link ID: 15106 - Posted: 03.15.2011

by Emma Young Every one of us slips into this mysterious state of consciousness every night, yet we are only now waking up to its mind-altering powers "THE interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind." So wrote Sigmund Freud in his 1900 classic The Interpretation of Dreams. He saw this idea as a "once in a lifetime" insight, and for much of the 20th century the world agreed. Across the globe, and upon countless psychoanalysts' couches, people recounted their dreams in the belief that they contained coded messages about repressed desires. Dreams were no longer supernatural communications or divine interventions - they were windows into the hidden self. Today we interpret dreams quite differently, and use far more advanced techniques than simply writing down people's recollections. In sleep laboratories, dream researchers hook up volunteers to EEGs and fMRI scanners and awaken them mid-dream to record what they were dreaming. Still tainted by association with psychoanalysis, it is not a field for the faint-hearted. "To say you're going to study dreams is almost academic suicide," says Matt Walker at the University of California, Berkeley. Nevertheless, what researchers are finding will make you see your dreams in a whole new light. Modern neuroscience has pushed Freud's ideas to the sidelines and has taught us something far more profound about dreaming. We now know that this peculiar form of consciousness is crucial to making us who we are. Dreams help us to consolidate our memories, make sense of our myriad experiences and keep our emotions in check. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sleep
Link ID: 15105 - Posted: 03.15.2011