Depression can damage a cancer patient's chances of survival, a review of research suggests. The University of British Columbia team said the finding emphasised the need to screen cancer patients carefully for signs of psychological distress. The study, a review of 26 separate studies including 9,417 patients, features in the journal Cancer. It found death rates were up to 25% higher in patients showing symptoms of depression. In patients actually diagnosed with major or minor depression, death rates were up to 39% higher. The increased risks remained even after other clinical characteristics that might affect survival were taken into consideration. However, the researchers said more research was needed before any definitive conclusions could be drawn, as it was difficult to rule out the impact of other factors. They also stressed that, overall, the increased risk of dying from cancer due to depression was small - so patients should not feel they had to maintain a positive attitude to beat their disease. The studies looked at by the British Columbia team focused on a range of survival times, from one year to 10 years. The researchers could find no firm evidence to show that depression impacted on the progression of disease - although the number of studies which specifically looked at this was very limited. Research on animals has suggested that stress can have an effect on tumour growth and the spread of cancer to other parts of the body. It is possible that depression could have an impact on hormones or the immune system, or that depressed people tend to engage in behaviour which might affect how long they live. (C)BBC

Keyword: Depression; Neuroimmunology
Link ID: 13271 - Posted: 09.14.2009

From left are Matt Birk, Lofa Tatupu and Sean Morey, who agreed to donate their brains after death to a Boston University medical school program that studies sports brain injuries.From left are Matt Birk, Lofa Tatupu and Sean Morey, who agreed to donate their brains after death to a Boston University medical school program that studies sports brain injuries. (Associated Press) Three active NFL players will donate their brains after death to a Boston University medical school program that studies sports brain injuries. Centre Matt Birk of the Baltimore Ravens, linebacker Lofa Tatupu of the Seattle Seahawks and receiver Sean Morey of the Arizona Cardinals join 40 retired NFL players already in the program's brain donation registry, the university announced Monday. "One of the most profound actions I can take personally is to donate my brain to help ensure the safety and welfare of active, retired, and future athletes for decades to come," Morey said. The program takes brain and spinal cord tissue donations so researchers can better understand the long-term effects of repeated concussions. Brain trauma is a growing health concern, after the discovery of the neurodegenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a number of athletes. The condition can lead to memory loss, emotional instability, erratic behaviour, depression and impulse control problems, and can gradually lead to dementia and in some cases death. The disease results from repetitive trauma to the brain. © CBC 2009

Keyword: Brain Injury/Concussion
Link ID: 13270 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Terry J. Allen Researchers investigating a deadly disease cluster near a New Hampshire lake are tracking clues that stretch from a delicacy eaten on Guam to a 3.5 billion-year-old type of bacteria and the green scum that coats many New England waters. The scum - blooms of cyanobacteria often misnamed blue-green algae - produces a toxin that doctors at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, N.H., suspect might have triggered cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis along the north shore of nearby Mascoma Lake. Using patient records and mapping software, the Dartmouth-Hitchcock team looked for ALS clusters in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Their preliminary data suggest that the disease, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is about 2.5 times more prevalent among people who live within a half-mile of water bodies with past or current cyanobacteria colonies. The incidence of ALS was highest near Mascoma Lake, where nine patients have been diagnosed since 1990, all but one since 2000 - a rate at least 10 times the US average of two in 100,000 people diagnosed annually. The neurodegenerative disease eventually immobilizes patients and, inevitably, destroys their ability to swallow and breathe. In one survey, doctors said ALS is the diagnosis they most dread giving. © 2009 NY Times Co.

Keyword: ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease ; Neurotoxins
Link ID: 13269 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Siri Carpenter Early birds may get the best worms—or at least the best garage sale deals—but they also tire out more quickly than night owls do. In a new study researchers Christina Schmidt and Philippe Peigneux, both at the University of Liège in Belgium, and their colleagues first asked 16 extreme early risers and 15 extreme night owls to spend a week following their natural sleep schedule. Then subjects spent two nights in a sleep lab, where they again followed their preferred sleep patterns and underwent cognitive testing twice daily while in a functional MRI scanner. An hour and a half after waking, early birds and night owls were equally alert and showed no difference in attention-related brain activity. But after being awake for 10 and a half hours, night owls had grown more alert, performing better on a reaction-time task requiring sustained attention and showing increased activity in brain areas linked to attention. More important, these regions included the suprachiasmatic area, which is home to the body’s circadian clock. This area sends signals to boost alertness as the pressure to sleep mounts. Unlike night owls, early risers didn’t get this late-day lift. Peigneux says faster activation of sleep pressure appears to prevent early birds from fully benefiting from the circadian signal, as evening types do. © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Attention
Link ID: 13268 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By NATALIE ANGIER Should anybody in the reliably pestilent health care debate be casting about for a mascot organ to represent some of the biggest medical crises that we Americans face, allow me to nominate a nonobvious candidate: the pancreas. It may lie in the hidden depths of the abdominal cavity, and its appearance, size and purpose may be obscure to the average person. Yet the pancreas turns out to be a linchpin in two epidemics that are all too familiar. As the organ entrusted with the manufacture of insulin and other hormones that help control blood sugar, the pancreas gone awry is a source of diabetes, which afflicts more than 23 million people in this country, including the newest member of the Supreme Court. And as the tireless brewer of digestive juices that help shear apart the amalgamated foodstuffs that we consume each day, the pancreas is at the frontlines of our expanding waistlines, the mass outbreak of fatness that has already claimed 60 percent of Americans and shows no sign of slackening. Researchers are discovering that the pancreas helps mediate much of the appetite-related cross talk between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, the streams of chemical signals that say, I’m starving down here, how about some dinner, or, enough already, step away from that dessert cart and no one will be hurt. By better understanding the precise role of the pancreas in conveying sensations of hunger or satiety, suggested Rodger A. Liddle of Duke University Medical School, we may find new ways to combat obesity. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity; Hormones & Behavior
Link ID: 13267 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Linda Geddes High cholesterol isn't just bad for the heart – it could also make it harder for women to become sexually aroused. That might mean that cholesterol-lowering drugs like statins would help to treat so-called female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Hyperlipidemia, or raised levels of cholesterol and other fats in the blood, is associated with erectile dysfunction in men, because the build-up of fats in blood vessel walls can reduce blood flow to erectile tissue. Since some aspects of female sexual arousal also rely on increased blood flow to the genitals, Katherine Esposito and her colleagues at the Second University of Naples in Italy compared sexual function in premenopausal women with and without hyperlipidemia. Women with hyperlipidemia reported significantly lower arousal, orgasm, lubrication, and sexual satisfaction scores than women with normal blood lipid profiles. And 32 per cent of the women with abnormal profiles scored low enough on a scale of female sexual function to be diagnosed with FSD, compared with 9 per cent of women without normal levels. Women's sexual desire was not affected by hyperlipidemia, however. In a separate paper, Annamaria Veronelli at the University of Milan, Italy, and her colleagues found that female sexual dysfunction was also associated with diabetes, obesity and an underactive thyroid gland. "These two papers suggest that there are strong connections between women's sexual arousal and organic diseases in the same way that men's sexual problems arise," says Geoffrey Hackett, a urologist at the Holly Cottage Clinic in Fisherwick, UK. "This is currently not even considered in women." © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 13266 - Posted: 06.24.2010

US researchers have pinned down new differences in the brain chemistry of people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They found ADHD patients lack key proteins which allow them to experience a sense of reward and motivation. The Brookhaven National Laboratory study appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association. It is hoped it could help in the design of new ways to combat the condition. Previous research looking at the brains of people with ADHD had uncovered differences in areas controlling attention and hyperactivity. But this study suggests ADHD has a profound impact elsewhere in the brain too. Researcher Dr Nora Volkow said: "These deficits in the brain's reward system may help explain clinical symptoms of ADHD, including inattention and reduced motivation, as well as the propensity for complications such as drug abuse and obesity among ADHD patients." The researchers compared brain scans of 53 adult ADHD patients who had never received treatment with those from 44 people who did not have the condition. All of the participants had been carefully screened to eliminate factors which could potentially skew the results. Using a sophisticated form of scan called positron emission tomography (PET), the researchers focused on how the participants' brains handled the chemical dopamine, a key regulator of mood. In particular they measured levels of two proteins - dopamine receptors and transporters - without which dopamine cannot function effectively to influence mood. ADHD patients had lower levels of both proteins in two areas of the brain known as the nucleus accumbens and midbrain. (C)BBC

Keyword: ADHD; Drug Abuse
Link ID: 13265 - Posted: 09.12.2009

How could something that feels so good — a long night's sleep — have negative consequences? Unfortunately, that is one possibility that results of a new study suggest: Older adults who sleep nine or more hours each day may have a higher risk of developing dementia than those who spend fewer hours in bed. Spanish researchers found that among nearly 3,300 older adults they followed for three years, those who slept nine or more hours per day, daytime naps included, were about twice as likely to develop dementia as those who typically slept for seven hours. These "long sleepers" were at increased risk even when the researchers accounted for several factors that can affect both sleep and dementia risk — including age, education, and smoking and drinking habits. Story continues below ↓advertisement | your ad here Still, the findings show only an association between longer sleep and dementia, and do not prove that extra hours in bed, per se, contribute to mental decline. "It remains to be established how the relation between longer sleep duration and dementia is mediated," Dr. Julian Benito-Leon, of University Hospital '12 de Octubre' in Madrid, told Reuters Health in an email. One possibility, according to Benito-Leon, is that increased fatigue and sleep is an initial sign of early dementia in some people. Another theory is that one or more underlying health problems may increase older adults' need for sleep, as well as contribute to dementia. The breathing disorder sleep apnea, for instance, causes fatigue and has been linked to impairments in thinking and memory in older adults. Copyright 2009 Reuters.

Keyword: Sleep; Alzheimers
Link ID: 13264 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Steve Connor, Science Editor A natural chemical found in the sweat of men has been shown to act as a primitive love potion that increases their attractiveness in the eyes of women, a study has found. The substance, which is derived from the male sex hormone testosterone, has a small but significant effect on judgements made by women in a speed-dating situation of a male stranger's attractiveness. Tamsin Saxton of the University of St Andrews studied the influence of androstadienone by dabbling a drop of it on the upper lip of 50 women who took part in the evening trial before they "dated" a series of men. Women of all ages rated the men slightly higher on a scale of attractiveness when given the substance, compared to water or clove oil, but the effect was greatest in younger women aged between 18 and 22, Dr Saxton said. "For some of the women we gave them androstadienone and we put it in clove oil solution so they just smelt clove oil. Some of the women had clove oil alone, and the third group had just water so there was no odour at all," she told the British Science Festival. "We got the women to mark how attractive they thought the men were on a one to seven scale after they interacted with each man," she said. ©independent.co.uk

Keyword: Chemical Senses (Smell & Taste); Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 13263 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By SANDRA BLAKESLEE Researchers are reporting that they have solved a longstanding mystery about the rapid spread of a fatal brain infection in deer, elk and moose in the Midwest and West. The infectious agent, which leads to chronic wasting disease, is spread in the feces of infected animals long before they become ill, according to a study published online Wednesday by the journal Nature. The agent is retained in the soil, where it, along with plants, is eaten by other animals, which then become infected. The finding explains the extremely high rates of transmission among deer, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases at the University of California, San Francisco. First identified in deer in Colorado in 1967, the disease is now found throughout 14 states and 2 Canadian provinces. It leads to emaciation, staggering and death. Unlike other animals, Dr. Prusiner said, deer give off the infectious agent, a form of protein called a prion, from lymph tissue in their intestinal linings up to a year before they develop the disease. By contrast, cattle that develop a related disease, mad cow, do not easily shed prions into the environment but accumulate them in their brains and spinal tissues. There is no evidence to date that humans who hunt, kill and eat deer have developed chronic wasting disease. Nor does the prion that causes it pass naturally to other animal species in the wild. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Prions
Link ID: 13262 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Jesse Bering Among the many disadvantages of being pasty white in complexion is the fact that a mere blush can broadcast one’s social discomfort for all the world to see. Granted, people of all colors and ethnicities blush at a basic physiological level—that is to say, human facial veins dilate in response to subtle psychosocial cues. But for mongrelized Caucasians such as yours truly, a white epidermis often acts rather embarrassingly like an objective gauge of subjective discomfort. And there’s not much you do about it, either: blushing is involuntary and uncontrollable. The good news is that although it may cause you some chagrin, blushing appears to serve a functional purpose. Recent findings by Dutch psychologists Corine Dijk, Peter de Jong and Madelon Peters reveal that if you ever find yourself in a pickle after, say, committing a social offence or being caught in an embarrassing mishap, the presence or absence of blushing can help determine if you’ll be forgiven by others. Surprisingly, these findings, published earlier this year in the journal Emotion , are among the first to address the adaptive significance of the blushing display—what Charles Darwin referred to as “the most peculiar and most human of all expressions.” The gist of Dijk and her colleagues’ evolutionary argument for blushing is as follows: Publicly conveying embarrassment or shame may signify the actor’s recognition that she/he has committed a social or moral infraction, and regrets this. As a consequence, this message may mitigate the negative social impression that was caused by the infraction. © 1996-2009 Scientific American Inc.

Keyword: Emotions; Evolution
Link ID: 13261 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Cassandra Willyard The human brain is a glutton, consuming 20% of our body's energy even though it accounts for only 2% of our mass. New research, however, suggests that little of that energy goes to power the brain's electrical signals. In fact, these impulses travel far more efficiently than previously thought. In 1939, a pair of British physiologists, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, took the first stab at figuring out how neurons transmit electrical signals, known as action potentials. Because most neurons are small--in humans, a cubic millimeter of gray matter can contain 40,000 neurons--the duo turned to squid, which contain a giant axon, the long thin part of a neuron through which action potentials travel. Electrical recordings helped Hodgkin and Huxley to develop a model of how action potentials move through neurons, work for which they won a Nobel Prize. According to the Hodgkin-Huxley model, the energy required to transmit an action potential in the squid giant axon is three to four times greater than what would be needed if the axon were perfectly efficient. That means the axon is about 25% to 30% efficient, roughly the same as a car engine. This number has been accepted for decades, but it never made much sense to Henrik Alle, a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt, Germany. "One would intuitively think that nature would try to optimize such a really important signal," he says, to make it as energy-efficient as possible. Alle and his colleagues decided to reexamine the efficiency question using mammalian neurons. The researchers recorded currents running through neurons in the memory and learning centers of rat brains, using a technique unavailable to Hodgkin and Huxley called the patch-clamp method. © 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 13260 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Clare Wilson Far from protecting us and our children, the war on drugs is making the world a much more dangerous place. SO FAR this year, about 4000 people have died in Mexico's drugs war - a horrifying toll. If only a good fairy could wave a magic wand and make all illegal drugs disappear, the world would be a better place. Dream on. Recreational drug use is as old as humanity, and has not been stopped by the most draconian laws. Given that drugs are here to stay, how do we limit the harm they do? The evidence suggests most of the problems stem not from drugs themselves, but from the fact that they are illegal. The obvious answer, then, is to make them legal. The argument most often deployed in support of the status quo is that keeping drugs illegal curbs drug use among the law-abiding majority, thereby reducing harm overall. But a closer look reveals that this really doesn't stand up. In the UK, as in many countries, the real clampdown on drugs started in the late 1960s, yet government statistics show that the number of heroin or cocaine addicts seen by the health service has grown ever since - from around 1000 people per year then, to 100,000 today. It is a pattern that has been repeated the world over. A second approach to the question is to look at whether fewer people use drugs in countries with stricter drug laws. In 2008, the World Health Organization looked at 17 countries and found no such correlation. The US, despite its punitive drug policies, has one of the highest levels of drug use in the world (PLoS Medicine, vol 5, p e141). © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Drug Abuse
Link ID: 13259 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Kurt Kleiner SMART implants in the brains of people with neurological disorders could eventually help develop treatments for people with Parkinson's disease, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. Last week, a team from Medtronic of Minneapolis, Minnesota, reported on their design for a neurostimulator at the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society meeting in Minneapolis. The devices use electrodes to deliver deep stimulation to specific parts of the brain. Neurostimulators are already approved to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia, as well as obsessive compulsive disorder. But existing devices deliver stimulation on a set schedule, not in response to abnormal brain activity. The Medtronic researchers think a device that reacts to brain signals could be more effective, plus the battery would last longer, an important consideration for implantable devices. Tim Denison, a Medtronic engineer working on the device, says that the neurostimulator will initially be useful for studying brain signals as patients go about their day. Eventually, the data collected will show whether the sensors would be useful for detecting and preventing attacks. Human trials are years away, but elsewhere, NeuroPace a start-up firm in Mountain View, California, is finishing clinical trials using its RNS smart implant device in 240 people with epilepsy, the results of which will be available in December, says Martha Morrell, chief medical officer at NeuroPace. An earlier feasibility study on 65 patients provided preliminary evidence that the devices did reduce seizures. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Parkinsons; OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Link ID: 13258 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Michael Torrice If you're at risk for heart disease, doctors can monitor your cholesterol. But psychiatrists don't have an analogous test for mental illnesses. That may change with a new discovery: Scientists have pinpointed a small spot in the brain that has a 71% chance of predicting whether high-risk patients will develop schizophrenia. About 75% of diagnosed schizophrenics show early, fleeting signs of the disease before they fully develop it. These so-called prodromal symptoms include mild hallucinations, such as hearing your name in the wind, or a sudden, unfounded suspicion that your friends are talking about you behind your back. Some patients may even experience a full psychotic episode--similar to what schizophrenics experience chronically--which lasts only a couple of days. Not all prodromal patients develop psychotic disorders: Two-and-a-half years after first experiencing these symptoms, only 35% receive a schizophrenia diagnosis. Predicting who gets that diagnosis is "a little better than flipping a coin," says Scott Schobel, a psychiatrist at Columbia University. To help understand how these patients progress from mild hallucinations to schizophrenia, Schobel and his colleagues compared brain activity between 18 schizophrenic and 18 healthy patients. The scientists used a high-resolution version of functional magnetic resonance imaging, which measures brain activity through changes in blood volume, to take detailed snapshots of the subjects' brains while they lay in the scanner. © 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Schizophrenia; Brain imaging
Link ID: 13257 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Linda Geddes STEM cells show promise for treating a range of neurological conditions, including Parkinson's, strokes and Alzheimer's, but it is tricky getting them into the brain. Perhaps inhaling stem cells might be the answer - if mice are anything to go by. Other options all have their drawbacks. Drilling through the skull and injecting the stem cells is painful and carries some risks. You can also inject them into the bloodstream but only a fraction reach their target due to the blood-brain barrier. The nose, however, might be a viable alternative. In the upper reaches of the nasal cavity lies the cribriform plate, a bony roof that separates the nose from the brain. It is perforated with pin-size holes, which are plugged with nerve fibres and other connective tissue. Since proteins, bacteria and viruses can enter the brain this way, Lusine Danielyan at the University Hospital of Tübingen in Germany, and her colleagues, wondered if stem cells would also migrate into the brain through the cribriform plate. To test their idea, they dripped a suspension of fluorescently labelled stem cells into the noses of mice. The mice snorted them high into their noses, and the cells migrated through the cribriform plate. Then they travelled either into the olfactory bulb - the part of the brain that detects and deciphers odours - or into the cerebrospinal fluid lining the skull, migrating across the brain. The stem cells then moved deeper into the brain. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Stem Cells; Regeneration
Link ID: 13256 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Michael Torrice Try this trick at home: Have a friend remove an object from a room you know well--say, a napkin holder from your kitchen--and then see if you can guess what he's taken away. Even if you don't know the answer, your eyes will unconsciously fixate on the stretch of countertop next to the toaster where the holder usually sits. Remembering what goes where in your kitchen is called relational memory, and now scientists have shown that your unknowing stare may be a sign that your brain remembers even when you don't. What we think of as traditional memories are known as declarative memories. If someone asks us what color shirt we wore yesterday, for example, we say "green." Scientists know that a region of the brain called the hippocampus is responsible for these memories. But they've debated whether this region can also recall unconscious relational memories. Recent studies suggest it does: When people with hippocampal damage were given a test analogous to the napkin-holder theft, their eyes didn't fixate on the region where the object was missing. To further probe the role of the hippocampus in unconscious relational memories, cognitive neuroscientists Deborah Hannula and Charan Ranganath of the University of California, Davis, utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging, which measures changes in brain activity. They asked volunteers to view 216 photo pairs that showed a person's face and a scene such as the Grand Canyon. Later, the subjects had to pick which of three faces went with a scene they had viewed. While the subjects made their decision, the researchers monitored where the subjects looked. © 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Keyword: Learning & Memory
Link ID: 13255 - Posted: 06.24.2010

by Carl Zimmer On April 11, 1944, a doctor named T. C. Erickson addressed the Chicago Neurological Society about a patient he called Mrs. C. W. At age 43 she had started to wake up many nights feeling as if she were having sex—or as she put it to Erickson, feeling “hot all over.” As the years passed her hot spells struck more often, even in the daytime, and began to be followed by seizures that left her unable to speak. Erickson examined Mrs. C. W. when she was 54 and diagnosed her with nymphomania. He prescribed a treatment that was shockingly common at the time: He blasted her ovaries with X-rays. Despite the X-rays, Mrs. C. W.’s seizures became worse, leaving her motionless and feeling as if an egg yolk were running down her throat. Erickson began to suspect that her sexual feelings were emanating not from her ovaries but from her head. Doctors opened up her skull and discovered a slow-growing tumor pressing against her brain. After the tumor was removed and Mrs. C. W. recovered, the seizures faded. “When asked if she still had any ‘passionate spells,’” Erickson recounted, “she said, ‘No, I haven’t had any; they were terrible things.’” Mrs. C. W.’s experience was rare but not unique. In 1969 two Florida doctors wrote to the journal Neurology about a patient who experienced similar spells of passion. She would beat both hands on her chest and order her husband to satisfy her. Usually the woman would come to with no memory of what had just happened, but sometimes she would fall to the floor in a seizure. Her doctors diagnosed her with epilepsy, probably brought on by the damage done to parts of her brain by a case of syphilis. More recently, in 2004, doctors in Taiwan described a woman who complained of orgasms that swept over her when she brushed her teeth. Shame kept her silent for years, until her episodes also caused her to lose consciousness. When the doctors examined her, they diagnosed her with epilepsy as well, caused by a small patch of damaged brain tissue.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 13254 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By RONI CARYN RABIN Children born to women who had bariatric surgery for obesity may face a lower risk of severe obesity themselves, a study suggests. The study, of 111 children born to 49 mothers who had a type of weight-loss surgery called biliopancreatic diversion, found that babies born after the operation had lower birth weights than those born before, and their risk of becoming severely obese as children was one-third the risk of those born before. Only 11 percent of the children born after surgery were severely obese, compared with 35 percent of the others. Children born after the operation also had better cholesterol levels and improved insulin sensitivity, indicating they might be less likely to develop heart disease and diabetes later in life, the researchers found. Two notes of caution about the paper, to be published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: The findings are based on observation of the children (the study was not randomized and controlled), and bariatric surgery can lead to complications like anemia, malnutrition, loss of bone density and, rarely, death. An author of the paper, Dr. John Kral, a professor of surgery and medicine at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, said the benefits to the children might be due to metabolic and hormonal changes in the wombs of women who have had the operation. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 13253 - Posted: 09.08.2009

By PERRI KLASS, M.D. The older girl was smart, neat and perfectly behaved in school; in her spare time, she won dance trophies. At every checkup, her mother would tell me what a good girl she was. She is the oldest, her mother would say, so she gets lots of attention, and she works very hard. When her younger sister turned out to be an equally good student, the proud mother explained that naturally she wanted to be just like her older sister. Then a long-looked-for baby boy was born. When he was a toddler, I began to worry that his speech seemed a little slow in coming. His mother was perfectly calm about it. He is the only boy, she said, so he gets lots of attention, and he doesn’t have to work very hard. Everyone takes it personally when it comes to birth order. After all, everyone is an oldest or a middle or a youngest or an only child, and even as adults we revert almost inevitably to a joke or resentment or rivalry that we’ve never quite outgrown. Children and parents alike are profoundly affected by the constellations of siblings; it is said that no two children grow up in the same family, because each sibling’s experience is so different. Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Development of the Brain
Link ID: 13252 - Posted: 06.24.2010