Cochlear implants bring hearing to thousands of otherwise deaf people. However, they have their limitations. John Middlebrooks of the University of Michigan's Kresge Hearing Research Institute explains how a new implant could improve pitch perception. Below is a transcript of the interview: This is an image of the cochlea of the human inner ear. The cochlea is a sort of a spiral snail shell. It has two and a half turns in the human. So here’s one, two, and a half turns. Now we see here a conventional cochlear implant. And notice that the cochlear implant only goes about one of the turns of the cochlea, so it doesn’t reach the apical turns of the cochlea that are sensitive to the lowest frequencies. Also notice that the cochlear implant resides within a bony chamber here called the scala tympani, so the signal from the cochlear implant has to go across this wall of bone to reach the auditory nerve fibers. The nerve implant that we’re testing now actually is inserted into the auditory nerve fibers so that the electrodes of the nerve implant lie in intimate contact with those auditory nerve fibers. Who are cochlear implants for? How do they work? Cochlear implants are used for people who are profoundly or severely deaf, so these are people that have often essentially no hearing through a conventional hearing aid. And these people have lost the hair cells that transduce sound into neural activity. So we can replace the function of those hair cells with a microphone and … electrodes. © ScienCentral, 2000-2007.

Keyword: Hearing; Robotics
Link ID: 10540 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Bruce Bower Although a variety of personal traits influence weight gain, obesity is socially contagious, moving from person to person through networks of friends and relatives, a new investigation finds. The study, the first to examine how social ties influence the development of obesity over time, finds that if one person becomes obese, others who know that person well have an increased risk of also becoming obese within the next 4 years. This effect occurs especially strongly among people identifying each other as friends. The proliferation of permissive attitudes about weight gain and large body sizes among social groups has contributed to soaring U.S. obesity rates, propose medical sociologist Nicholas A. Christakis of Harvard Medical School in Boston and political scientist James H. Fowler of the University of California, San Diego. "Obesity is not just an individual problem, it's a collective problem," Christakis says. The new findings appear in the July 26 New England Journal of Medicine. Christakis and Fowler tapped into previously unexamined data on 12,067 adults who underwent health assessments every 2 to 4 years, from 1971 to 2003, as part of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers traced social networks for study participants by consulting records of contact information for each volunteer's close friends and relatives, many of whom also participated in the Framingham study and whose weights could also be tracked. ©2007 Science Service.

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 10539 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Tuan C. Nguyen Until recently, wildlife biologists considered foxes, wolves and coyotes to be monogamous, a strategy that was presumed to give offspring a better chance of surviving, since monogamy often means that females have the helping hand of a male in raising newborns to adulthood. But a new study of Arctic foxes, detailed in the Canadian Journal of Zoology, finds that some do sleep around. Using a technique called microsatellite DNA fingerprinting, researchers at the University of Alberta in Edmonton and the University of Quebec at Rimouski looked at genetic samples from 49 Arctic foxes trapped in dens on Bylot Island, Nunavut. In three-quarters of the dens, fox cubs were the offspring of a single male and female. But in a quarter of the cases, the Arctic foxes proved to be less exclusive, with one litter providing the first genetic evidence of polyandry. "The generalization that mating couples stuck together usually came from field observations," said researcher Lindsey Carmichael of the University of Alberta in Edmonton. "People would often see pairs of foxes together and so they would just assume that was their standard mating pattern." There are various reasons for polyandry. © 2007 MSNBC.com © 2007 Microsoft

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 10538 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Louis Buckley Gender-bending chemicals could provide a new way to combat invasive species, say researchers. Originally conceived as a cure for the enormous populations of Asian carp and tilapia plaguing the Mississippi River, scientists now think the approach could be used to battle unwelcome crustaceans, molluscs, fish, amphibians and reptiles around the world. Invasions of exotic species are thought to be second only to habitat destruction as a threat to global biodiversity. The traditional approach to dealing with these interlopers has been to introduce a known predator and let nature take its course. But this has led to numerous disasters — for example, cane toads swamped Australia after being introduced to control the cane beetles blighting the country's sugar crop. In Florida, tilapia were deliberately introduced to control an aquatic weed, Hydrilla, that has been choking US rivers since the 1960s. Two species of snail were also introduced at a later date by the authorities, says Gutierrez, but neither they nor the tilapia chose to feed on Hydrilla, both preferring native species to the invader. In 2004, alerted to Florida's problems with invasive species, Juan Gutierrez, a bio-mathematician at Florida State University, constructed a mathematical model of a population in which males carry two different sex chromosomes (XY) and females are XX. In many species of fish, amphibians, and other animals, gender is determined not only by sex chromosomes, as it is in humans, but also by environmental conditions such as the presence of hormones, explains Gutierrez. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 10537 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Cochlear implants have been around for years, restoring hearing for many people. But, as this ScienCentral video explains, a new version is improving the quality of what patients hear. Dr. David Acus of Herrick Memorial Hospital in Tecumseh, Michigan was a twenty-five year veteran of the emergency room when hearing loss forced him to quit his job. Then he got a cochlear implant. “The cochlear implant is wonderful. It’s allowed me to go back to work.” In a healthy ear, vibrations are translated into electrical signals inside the cochlea, a small bony structure of the inner ear. The signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. Congenital problems, injury, illness, or aging can cause hearing loss. One solution is to insert an electrical array into the cochlea that translates external sounds into electrical impulses. These conventional cochlear implants are remarkably effective, and have improved the hearing of nearly 100,000 deaf people worldwide. However, the implants stimulate the ear's auditory nerve indirectly, through the bony wall of the cochlea. Neuroscientist John Middlebrooks of the University of Michigan points out that muddles music and vocal tones. “It’s a little bit like playing a piano with boxing gloves on your hands: you can make a big sound, and you can touch all the keys, but you can’t play single keys individually.” © ScienCentral, 2000-2007.

Keyword: Hearing; Robotics
Link ID: 10536 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Daniel Cressey Frequent cannabis use more than doubles the risk of developing psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia, according to the most rigorous analysis of the evidence to date. The finding, which comes from a new study that combines results from 35 previous surveys, represents a significant U-turn from previous suggestions that cannabis is harmless to mental health. The analysis is published in medical journal The Lancet, which in 1995 began one of its issues with the sentence: "The smoking of cannabis, even long term, is not harmful to health."1 In fact, having used the drug even once increases your risk of developing psychotic problems by 41%, according to the new research2. This suggests that 14% of all psychotic illness in Britain is caused by cannabis use. "The message that has to be made clear is there are potentially quite serious risks from using cannabis," says study author Stanley Zammit of Cardiff University, UK. "For psychotic outcomes there certainly is enough evidence to warn people of the risk." Zammit adds that the new analysis is the "most thorough" to date. "This adds a certain robustness to the evidence," he says. There is now sufficient evidence to warn young people that using cannabis could increase their risk of developing a psychotic illness later in life' ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Schizophrenia
Link ID: 10535 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Scientists believe they have identified the gene for itchiness, raising the hope of treatment for the condition. The GRPR "itch gene" was found in spinal cord nerve cells by a Washington University team. The researchers, who carried out tests on mice, say it is responsible for relaying itch signals from the skin to the brain, via the spinal cord. They say if they are right, it may hold the key for helping people with severe itching, the Nature journal reported. Chronic itching can be caused by skin disorders like eczema or can stem from deeper problems such as kidney failure or liver disease. It can also be a serious side-effect of cancer therapies or powerful painkillers like morphine. In the most serious cases it can lead to sleep problems and scarring, and yet researchers say there is little treatment available for it. Historically, scientists have regarded itching as a less intense version of pain and have tailored their research to understanding pain. In fact, it was during such research that the GRPR (gastrin-releasing peptide receptor) gene first came to the scientists' attention. The gene stood out as they noticed it was only present in a few spinal cord cells, but after carrying out tests on mice they realised it was not related to the pain pathway. However, they did find it had an impact when itching tests were carried out. Mice who had the gene neutralised did not react as much as those with the gene when given itchy stimuli. (C)BBC

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 10534 - Posted: 07.27.2007

Obesity Spreads In Social Circles As Trends Do, Study Indicates By Rob Stein Obesity appears to spread from one person to another like a virus or a fad, researchers reported yesterday in a first-of-its-kind study that helps explain -- and could help fight -- one of the nation's biggest public health problems. The study, involving more than 12,000 people tracked over 32 years, found that social networks play a surprisingly powerful role in determining an individual's chances of gaining weight, transmitting an increased risk of becoming obese from wives to husbands, from brothers to brothers and from friends to friends. The researchers found that when one spouse became obese, the other was 37 percent more likely to do so in the next two to four years, compared with other couples. If a man became obese, his brother's risk rose by 40 percent. The risk climbed even more sharply among friends -- between 57 and 171 percent, depending on whether they considered each other mutual friends. Moreover, friends affected friends' risk even when they lived far apart, and the influence cascaded through three degrees of separation before petering out, the researchers found. "It's almost a cliche to speak of the obesity epidemic as being an epidemic. But we wanted to see if it really did spread from person to person like a fashion or a germ," said Nicholas A. Christakis of Harvard Medical School, who led the study, being published tomorrow in the New England Journal of Medicine. "And the answer is, 'Yes, it does.' We are finding evidence for a kind of social contagion." © 2007 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 10533 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Many people believe potentially harmful myths about epilepsy, a study from University College London suggests. A third would put something in the mouth of a person having a seizure to stop them swallowing their tongue - but doing so could block their airways. And 67% of the 4,605 people asked would call an ambulance immediately, Epilepsy and Behavior journal reports. This is only needed for first seizures, those lasting over five minutes, if the person is hurt or has several seizures. The authors questioned 4,605 staff and students from the university on what happens when someone has a seizure and how they should be helped. Seizures are caused by sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain, which stops the brain communicating normally with the body, and epilepsy is diagnosed in people who have regularly recurring seizures. Symptoms depend on the type of seizure, and experts recommend that if someone has a seizure, objects around them are removed and their head is cushioned if they are on the floor. Apart from that the seizure should be allowed to run its course. The authors focused on four key myths surrounding seizures: the need to call an ambulance, the need to put something in their mouth so they do not swallow their tongue, and the incidence of foaming at the mouth and violence in seizures. In fact, foaming and violence are not common symptoms of seizures but many people still believed these myths. (C)BBC

Keyword: Epilepsy
Link ID: 10532 - Posted: 07.25.2007

Randy Harris THE first farm animal Gene Baur ever snatched from a stockyard was a lamb he named Hilda. That was 1986. She’s now buried under a little tombstone near the center of Farm Sanctuary, 180 acres of vegan nirvana here in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York. Back then, Mr. Baur was living in a school bus near a tofu factory in Pennsylvania and selling vegetarian hot dogs at Grateful Dead concerts to support his animal rescue operation. Now, more than a thousand animals once destined for the slaughterhouse live here and on another Farm Sanctuary property in California. Farm Sanctuary has a $5.7 million budget, fed in part by a donor club named after his beloved Hilda. Supporters can sign up for a Farm Sanctuary MasterCard. A $200-a-seat gala dinner in Los Angeles this fall will feature seitan Wellington and stars like Emily Deschanel and Forest Whitaker. As Farm Sanctuary has grown, so too has its influence. Soon, due in part to the organization’s work, veal calves and pregnant pigs in Arizona won’t be kept in cages so tight they can’t turn around. Eggs from cage-free hens have become so popular that there is a national shortage. A law in Chicago bans the sale of foie gras. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Animal Rights
Link ID: 10531 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Nikhil Swaminathan In work that may one day lead to earlier detection of children at risk of developing autism, a team of scientists has devised a genetic model for the enigmatic disorder. The two-tiered theory integrates families with one or more autistic children. An estimated one in every 150 children born in the U.S. develops autism, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); it is four times more prevalent in boys than in girls. The condition is characterized by cognitive deficiencies and symptoms ranging from antisocial (not responding to one's name and / or avoiding eye contact) to obsessive, repetitive behavior. The most popular theory about its genesis is that there are flaws in several genes passed down through generations of a family that culminate to predispose a child to the disorder, especially if exposed to certain environmental factors such as toxic chemicals or a lack of oxygen at birth. "People thought there was this uniform risk—if you have an autistic child, then there's some uniform, but fairly low, risk that you'll have another one," says Michael Wigler, a professor of genomics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) in Long Island, N.Y., and senior author of the new model described in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. "None of the population geneticists, in my experience, had thought that there might be two classes of families: low risk and high risk." The team determined that most cases of autism arise from novel, spontaneous mutations passed down from one or both parents, resulting in large gaps in a person's genome often encompassing several genes, which are then disrupted or inactivated. In most instances, this mutation will result in an autistic child. However, in some cases—more likely in girls than boys—the recipient of this mutation will not produce any symptoms. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc

Keyword: Autism
Link ID: 10530 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A new study has revealed more about how the medication ketamine, when used experimentally for depression, relieves symptoms of the disorder in hours instead of the weeks or months it takes for current antidepressants to work. While ketamine itself probably won’t come into use as an antidepressant because of its side effects, the new finding moves scientists considerably closer to understanding how to develop faster-acting antidepressant medications — among the priorities of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health. Ketamine blocks a receptor called NMDA on brain cells, an earlier NIMH study in humans had shown, but the new study in mice shows that this is an intermediate step. It turns out that blocking NMDA increases the activity of another receptor, AMPA, and that this boost in AMPA is crucial for ketamine’s rapid antidepressant actions. The study was reported online in Biological Psychiatry on July 23, by NIMH researchers Husseini K. Manji, MD, Guang Chen, MD, PhD, Carlos Zarate, MD, and colleagues. “Our research is showing us how to develop medications that get at the biological roots of depression. This new finding is a major step toward learning how to improve treatment for the millions of Americans with this debilitating disorder; toward eliminating the weeks of suffering and uncertainty they have to endure while they wait for their medications to work,” said NIH Director Elias Zerhouni, M.D. Almost 15 million American adults have a depressive disorder. During the long wait to begin feeling the effects of conventional medications, patients may worsen, raising the risk of suicide for some.

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 10529 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Shirley Wang Anthony Mauger woke up at 5 a.m. one morning nearly 10 years ago and heard a message in his head telling him to kill himself. He wrote a goodbye note to his wife, then jumped off the back deck of their Kensington home, falling the 14 feet hard enough to wake her with the sound of his thud. The 66-year-old organic chemist succeeded only in smashing his knees and skull. After surgery at Suburban Hospital, he was transferred to Potomac Valley Nursing and Wellness Center in Rockville for intensive psychiatric care. Mauger had been depressed for about six months, his wife, Inge, remembers. His sleep had been poor, and he was making strange claims that he could not go on vacation or walk. The slew of antidepressants Mauger tried made no difference. After four more months watching her husband deteriorate, Inge Mauger was desperate. "Nothing is happening," she said to his psychiatrist. "Isn't there anything you can do?" "We can try ECT," he replied. Better known as shock therapy and seared into our collective consciousness as the involuntary procedure depicted in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," electroconvulsive therapy remains a controversial treatment, often used, as in Mauger's case, only after other treatments fail. Its popularity has waxed and waned in its 70-year history, but an estimated 100,000 Americans undergo ECT each year, according to a 1995 survey of more than 17,000 psychiatrists, and its use appears to be steady or increasing since then. © 2007 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Depression
Link ID: 10528 - Posted: 06.24.2010

James Randerson, science correspondent Scientists have successfully tested a treatment in mice that stops the progression of Alzheimer's and even sends the disease into reverse. It will be several years before the experimental treatment can be used on humans but one advantage is that it works at a very early stage. It is hoped the breakthrough could one day enable doctors to stop the disease in its tracks before patients suffer the worst effects. The treatment is a protein, specifically designed for the job, based on the three-dimensional structure of two other proteins involved in the progression of the disease. It works by sticking to one of these proteins so that it cannot bind with the other - a step that triggers a succession of biochemical events that lead to the death of the nerve cell and ultimately to the patient's symptoms. Most cases of Alzheimer's develop in those aged 65 or over - affecting about one in 20. But by 85 nearly half will have the disease. There are currently about 500,000 Alzheimer's patients in the UK. Scientists studying the disease have established that Alzheimer's patients produce abnormally large quantities of the proteins amyloid - which forms the plaques in the brain typical of the disease - and ABAD. When amyloid and ABAD combine this triggers a cascade of changes leading to the death of the nerve cell. © Guardian News and Media Limited 2007

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 10527 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Leigh Dayton SUE Woolfe had a problem. The author of successful novels Painted Woman and Leaning Towards Infinity was stuck. The unlikely image of a cleaning lady puttering about in a biology laboratory kept going around in her brain, like an annoying jingle. Her usual trick of scribbling and sighing had produced nothing but more scribbles and more sighs for years. Desperate to break the loop and boot her recalcitrant brain into action, she set aside her world of fiction and dipped an intellectual toe into the world of fact. "I took to wondering whether neuroscience could rescue me," Wolfe writes. "Not a rescue of the mind; I knew that wasn't what was needed. In the midst of all the imperatives of the outside world -- wars, revolutions, all those small and large acts of betrayal -- I needed to understand what we, the people who sit in rooms making up stories, are doing with our minds." In other words, what's going on in the brain when it's busy being creative or, conversely, stubbornly ordinary? At a more practical level, Woolfe wondered if understanding her brain's biochemical ebbs and flows might suggest a way to part company with her tiresome cleaning lady. "Absolutely," answers Evian Gordon enthusiastically. As a painter known internationally for his "brain art", as well as an integrative neuroscientist, Gordon should know. "The brain is the essence of creativity," says Gordon, head of Sydney's Brain Resource Company, which works with researchers here and abroad to understand the inner workings of brains and to develop brain-oriented commercial products, such as new drug-testing procedures. Copyright 2007 News Limited.

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 10526 - Posted: 07.24.2007

By NATALIE ANGIER Between reading recent news reports about altruistic behavior in rats and watching the slickly adorable antics of Remy the culinary rodent in this summer’s animated blockbuster, “Ratatouille,” I’ve had a change of heart. My normal feeling of extreme revulsion toward rats has softened considerably, into something resembling ... a less extreme form of revulsion. O.K., I still don’t like rats, and I’ll never forget the sensation of whiskers brushing my ankles when a rat in Central Park scampered over my feet. There are plenty of reasons to fear rats. They carry diseases like typhus, leptospirosis, hanta virus pulmonary syndrome, rat bite fever, salmonella poisoning, and of course bubonic plague, and they are ravenous Remys every one of them, feasting on our grains and meats, chewing our ratatouille and destroying as much as a third of global food supplies each year. “Over the past century alone,” writes Robert Sullivan in “Rats,” his magisterial history of the urban pest, “rats have been responsible for the death of more than 10 million people.” Yet our ratly transactions are not all woes and buboes. As the first mammals domesticated strictly for research purposes, scientists say, rats in the laboratory may well have saved at least as many human lives through the years as rats in the alley have taken. Rats are the preferred experimental animal for studies of the heart, kidneys, immune system, reproductive system, nervous system and other body sectors, and recent breakthroughs in manipulating the rat genome may soon allow the rat to displace the mouse as the geneticist’s darling, too. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 10525 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By HENRY FOUNTAIN Crayfish may be small, but they aren’t stupid. After losing a fight they can remember who beat them, and may use that information to steer clear of another fight against the same opponent. Australian researchers studied fights between males of an aggressive species of freshwater crayfish, Cherax dispar. Like most crayfish, C. dispar fights by locking claws with its opponent and holding on until one creature gives up and slinks away. The crayfish with the stronger claws almost always wins a first fight and, in subsequent fights with the same crayfish, it keeps winning, The loser often slinks away without even fighting. The researchers, Frank Seebacher of the University of Sydney and Robbie S. Wilson of the University of Queensland, wanted to see whether in those subsequent fights the loser just blindly leaped into the fray again or recognized that it was up against a superior opponent. In their experiments, described in Biology Letters, they disabled the claws of the winner of the first fight by supergluing them shut and let the two crayfish go at each other a half-hour later and 24 hours later. Even with its claws disabled, the winner of the first fight kept winning, indicating that the loser somehow remembered that the winner was stronger. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Aggression; Learning & Memory
Link ID: 10524 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Heidi Ledford Half of all cases of male autism may be caused by spontaneous genetic mutations, say researchers who have studied the genetic patterns of the condition. Offspring who inherit such mutations are at a greater risk of having an autistic child themselves. Autistic people have difficulty relating socially with others and tend to focus obsessively on a narrow set of interests. Three to six out of every 1,000 people are expected to have the condition; its cause is unknown but there is thought to be a strong genetic component. "That genetics plays a major role in autism has been obvious now for 20 years or more," says Isabelle Rapin, a neurologist at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, who was not affiliated with the study. "The evidence for genetics is not controversial." But determining how genes affect autism has been difficult. Autism is a complex disease with a wide range of symptoms and severity. It also affects four times more males than females, for unknown reasons. Earlier this year, a genome-wide scan linked some cases of autism with mutations in the number of copies of certain genes. Ten per cent of autistic patients had copy-number mutations that were not present in either parent, showing that the mutations were spontaneous1. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

Keyword: Autism; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 10523 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Using chemotherapy instead of radiotherapy in children with brain tumours reduces the risk of long-term brain damage, say UK researchers. Radiotherapy was thought to offer the best chance of survival for such tumours, despite a likelihood of future learning difficulties. But a decade-long Lancet Oncology study in young children found safer chemotherapy is as good a treatment. Children under three are particularly vulnerable to radiation side-effects. A total of 89 children aged under three years who had been diagnosed with a type of rare brain cancer called an ependymoma all underwent surgery to try and remove their tumours. They were then given an intensive course of chfmotherapy "the baby brain protocol" to kill off any remaining cancer cells. Radiation treatment was reserved only for those children whose disease had spread or progressed. But of these patients, the chemotherapy treatment managed to delay their need for radiotherapy by more than one and a half years, so the children were older and their brains were more developed. Overall, 42% of the patients did not receive any radiation treatment for their cancer and almost two-thirds of the children - 64% - were still alive five years after diagnosis - similar if not better rate than with radiotherapy alone. (C)BBC

Keyword: Miscellaneous
Link ID: 10522 - Posted: 07.21.2007

By BARRY MEIER ABINGDON, Va., — After hearing wrenching testimony from parents of young adults who died from overdoses involving the painkiller OxyContin, a federal judge Friday sentenced three top executives of the company that makes the narcotic to three years’ probation and 400 hours each of community service in drug treatment programs. In announcing the unorthodox sentence, Judge James P. Jones of United States District Court indicated that he was troubled by his inability to send the executives to prison. But he noted that federal prosecutors had not produced evidence as part of recent plea deals to show that the officials were aware of wrongdoing at the drug’s maker, Purdue Pharma of Stamford, Conn. The sentences announced by Judge Jones came at the end of a lengthy and highly emotional hearing at a small brick courthouse in this town in far western Virginia. Parents of teenagers and young adults who died from overdoses while trying to get high from OxyContin arrived here from as far away as Florida, Massachusetts and California. Given the opportunity to speak, they both memorialized their lost children and lambasted Purdue Pharma and its executives, saying they bore a responsibility for those deaths. They also urged Judge Jones to throw out the plea agreements and send the executives to jail. “Our children were not drug addicts, they were typical teenagers,” said Teresa Ashcraft, who said that her son Robert died of an overdose at age 19. “We have been given a life sentence due to their lies and greed.” Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Drug Abuse; Pain & Touch
Link ID: 10521 - Posted: 06.24.2010