Roxanne Khamsi Brain structures in primates have developed due to different pressures on males and females to keep up with social or competitive demands, a new study suggests. A comparison of brains from 21 primate species, including gorillas and chimps, suggests that those with greater male-on-male competition have more brain matter devoted to aggression and coordination. Whereas those species in which there is more social mixing between males and females have evolved bigger brains with higher-level thinking. Competition for status and mates among primates might have influenced brain evolution, the researchers say. They add that contrasting brain types resulting from behavioural differences between the sexes might be a factor in other branches of mammalian brain evolution beyond anthropoid primates. In the early 1980s, a group of researchers published information about the brain anatomy of 21 different primate species – which included gorillas, chimps and rhesus monkeys, but not humans. The team took each brain and cut it into thin slices. They photographed each slice and marked the boundaries of the brain structures they saw. By measuring the areas of these marked regions, the scientists were able to reconstruct various brain structures and estimate their volume. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd

Keyword: Aggression; Evolution
Link ID: 10284 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Forget the “decade of the brain” (that old nineties phraseology): it’s becoming evident that we’re probably not going to get over our fascination with neuroscience anytime this century. The fact is, as a result of today’s neurobiological revolution, nothing is what it used to be. And that includes motherhood. The Hallmark Corporation doesn’t seem to have caught on to this yet, but the reasons for celebrating Mother’s Day are changing yet again. America’s holiday for mothers began as a formal acknowledgement of the fact that so many women were unselfishly dedicated to helping those in the community less fortunate than themselves. The work clubs pioneered by Ann Reeves Jarvis serve as a prime example of this kind of aspiration. (See "Mother’s Day or Mothers’ Day” by Vision’s Larry Green.) Somewhere along the line, however, the focus of Mother’s Day moved closer to the center of a mother’s sphere of influence, toward what she does within her household for her own family. While these contributions are considerable and indispensable, in some ways perhaps such an inward focus narrows our sphere and encourages us to contemplate what is “owed” us than rather than the more optimistic understanding of how much we have gained, and how much more these gains enable us, in turn, to give. Thankfully, however, neuroscientists may have uncovered just the research to distract us from obsessing about our own sacrifices long enough to consider some of the things families actually do for mothers: to be more specific, what children do for mothers. ©2007 Vision.org.

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 10283 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By GARDINER HARRIS, BENEDICT CAREY and JANET ROBERTS When Anya Bailey developed an eating disorder after her 12th birthday, her mother took her to a psychiatrist at the University of Minnesota who prescribed a powerful antipsychotic drug called Risperdal. Created for schizophrenia, Risperdal is not approved to treat eating disorders, but increased appetite is a common side effect and doctors may prescribe drugs as they see fit. Anya gained weight but within two years developed a crippling knot in her back. She now receives regular injections of Botox to unclench her back muscles. She often awakens crying in pain. Isabella Bailey, Anya’s mother, said she had no idea that children might be especially susceptible to Risperdal’s side effects. Nor did she know that Risperdal and similar medicines were not approved at the time to treat children, or that medical trials often cited to justify the use of such drugs had as few as eight children taking the drug by the end. Just as surprising, Ms. Bailey said, was learning that the university psychiatrist who supervised Anya’s care received more than $7,000 from 2003 to 2004 from Johnson & Johnson, Risperdal’s maker, in return for lectures about one of the company’s drugs. Doctors, including Anya Bailey’s, maintain that payments from drug companies do not influence what they prescribe for patients. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Anorexia & Bulimia; Schizophrenia
Link ID: 10282 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Boosting levels of a protein in the brain could be a way of treating diseases such as epilepsy and schizophrenia, scientists suggest. Researchers at the University of Bristol say the SUMO protein acts to damp down the amount of information transmitted to cells. Such "over-excitement" is characteristic of many conditions which affect the brain. Experts said the findings in Nature would further understanding. There are 100 million nerve cells in the brain, which each have 10,000 connections, called synapses, which link to other nerves cells. These connections chemically transmit information that control brain function via proteins called receptors. These processes are believed to be the basis of learning and memory. In a healthy brain, synapses can modify how efficiently they work, by increasing or decreasing the amount of information transmitted. Having too much information is a problem, but so is having too little which can cause conditions including coma. The researchers, who carried out work on rats, found that when one type of receptor, the kainate receptor, receives a chemical signal a small protein called SUMO attaches itself. SUMO pulls the kainate receptor out of the synapse, stopping it from receiving information from other cells and making the cell less excitable. The scientists who discovered SUMO's role say it is interesting because it means the receptor is not destroyed, but simply lies dormant, meaning the dangers of completely cutting off communication between cells should be avoided. (C)BBC

Keyword: Epilepsy
Link ID: 10281 - Posted: 05.09.2007

By STUART ELLIOTT FOR decades, the beauty industry was described as — or accused of — selling “hope in a jar.” Now, a marketing blitz with a budget estimated at more than $150 million in the first year will try to persuade dieters to seek hope in a pill bottle despite widespread skepticism about the grandiose promises of diet pills, plans and potions. A campaign for the drug Alli is being waged on many fronts by seven agencies. Its first-year budget is estimated at more than $150 million. The campaign, being introduced in stages by seven agencies, promotes a product from GlaxoSmithKline called Alli — pronounced, not coincidentally, like “ally,” as in a helper or associate. Alli is the first weight-loss drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration for sale in the United States over the counter, no prescription necessary. It works by preventing the body from absorbing some of the fat one eats. The campaign is centered on an elaborate Web site, myalli.com. There are also television commercials, direct mailings, print advertising, books, online ads, displays in stores and information being provided to health care professionals. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 10280 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Shankar Vedantam The government's methods for deciding compensation for emotionally disturbed veterans have little basis in science, are applied unevenly and may even create disincentives for veterans to get better, an influential scientific advisory group said yesterday. The critique by the Institute of Medicine, which provides advice to the federal government on medical science issues, comes at a time of sharp increases in cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans and skyrocketing costs for disability compensation. The study was undertaken at the request of the Department of Veterans Affairs amid fears that troops returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan will produce a tidal wave of new PTSD cases. Between 1999 and 2004, benefit payments for PTSD increased nearly 150 percent, from $1.72 billion to $4.28 billion, the report noted. Compensation payments for disorders related to psychological trauma account for an outsize portion of VA's budget -- 8.7 percent of all claims, but 20.5 percent of compensation payments. VA officials said they welcomed the report. "VA is studying the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the report to determine actions that can be taken to further enhance the services we provide," spokesman Matt Burns said in a statement. © 2007 The Washington Post Company

Keyword: Stress
Link ID: 10279 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Targeting enzyme produced by a specific gene may lead to better medications The likelihood of developing bipolar disorder depends in part on the combined, small effects of variations in many different genes in the brain, none of which is powerful enough to cause the disease by itself, a new study shows. However, targeting the enzyme produced by one of these genes could lead to development of new, more effective medications. The research was conducted by scientists at the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), with others from the Universities of Heidelberg and Bonn and a number of U.S. facilities collaborating in a major project called the NIMH Genetics Initiative. The study is the first to scan virtually all of the variations in human genes to find those associated with bipolar disorder. Results were published online May 8 in Molecular Psychiatry by Amber E. Baum, PhD, lead researcher Francis J. McMahon, MD, and colleagues. “This is an example of how advances in genetics research feed into practical applications. This research would not have been possible a very few years ago. We now have a new molecular target scientists can investigate in their search for better medications for bipolar disorder,” said NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, MD. About 5.7 million American adults have bipolar disorder, which also is called manic-depressive illness. Symptoms include extremes in mood, from pronounced over-excitement and elation, often coupled with severe irritability, to depression. Children also may have the condition, usually in a more severe form than adults.

Keyword: Schizophrenia
Link ID: 10278 - Posted: 06.24.2010

New evidence on sex differences in people’s brains and behaviors emerges with the publication of results from the British Broadcasting Corporation’s (BBC) Sex ID Internet Survey. Survey questions and tests focused on participants’ sex-linked cognitive abilities, personality traits, interests, sexual attitudes and behavior, as well as physical traits. The Archives of Sexual Behavior¹ has devoted a special section in its April 2007 issue to research papers based on the BBC data. BBC Science, in collaboration with researchers in the United Kingdom and North America, designed their research project on psychological sex differences in conjunction with their TV documentary, Secrets of the Sexes. The project culminated in the creation of the BBC Internet Survey, which was posted on the BBC Science and Nature website. In just three months (February-May 2005), over 250,000 people from all over the world responded to the full survey. Some initial results were presented in July 2005 in the program, Secrets of the Sexes. The complete dataset has been analyzed since, with key findings published in the current issue of the Archives of Sexual Behavior. The BBC summaries of the articles are available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/articles/results/. 1. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 36, No. 2, April 2007

Keyword: Sexual Behavior
Link ID: 10277 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By SANDRA BLAKESLEE In meditation, people sit quietly and concentrate on their breath. As air swooshes in and out of their nostrils, they attend to each sensation. As unbidden thoughts flutter to mind, they let them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go. According to a study published today in the online edition of the journal PloS Biology, three months of rigorous training in this kind of meditation leads to a profound shift in how the brain allocates attention. It appears that the ability to release thoughts that pop into mind frees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in the world at large, said the study’s lead author, Richard Davidson, a professor of psychology and psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Expert meditators, he said, are better than other people at detecting such fast-changing stimuli, like emotional facial expressions. Dr. Ron Mangun, director of the Center for Mind and Brain at the University of California, Davis, who was not involved in the study, called the finding exciting. “It provides neuroscience evidence for changes in the workings of the brain with mental training, in this case meditation,” he said. “We know we can learn and improve abilities of all sorts with practice, everything from driving to playing the piano. But demonstrating this in the context of meditation is interesting and novel.” Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Attention; Emotions
Link ID: 10276 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By ANAHAD O’CONNOR Doctors have long said that an aspirin a day can help ward off heart attacks. But what about Alzheimer’s? The claim that aspirin can prevent the disease stems from the notion that Alzheimer’s is caused by inflammation that disrupts proteins in the brain. It’s believed that aspirin, and possibly other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may reduce or head off that process. One recent analysis of previous studies found that people who took a low dose of aspirin every day for several years reduced their risk of developing Alzheimer’s by 13 percent. Another study in 2003 in The European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology found a similarly beneficial effect for aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. But more recent, randomized studies have called those findings into question. One of the most prominent followed more than 6,000 older women for nearly a decade and found that those who regularly took 100 milligrams of aspirin did no better on cognitive tests, over time, than those who were given a placebo.

Keyword: Alzheimers
Link ID: 10275 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By GINA KOLATA It was 1959. Jules Hirsch, a research physician at Rockefeller University, had gotten curious about weight loss in the obese. He was about to start a simple experiment that would change forever the way scientists think about fat. Obese people, he knew, had huge fat cells, stuffed with glistening yellow fat. What happened to those cells when people lost weight, he wondered. Did they shrink or did they go away? He decided to find out. It seemed straightforward. Dr. Hirsch found eight people who had been fat since childhood or adolescence and who agreed to live at the Rockefeller University Hospital for eight months while scientists would control their diets, make them lose weight and then examine their fat cells. The study was rigorous and demanding. It began with an agonizing four weeks of a maintenance diet that assessed the subjects’ metabolism and caloric needs. Then the diet began. The only food permitted was a liquid formula providing 600 calories a day, a regimen that guaranteed they would lose weight. Finally, the subjects spent another four weeks on a diet that maintained them at their new weights, 100 pounds lower than their initial weights, on average. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity; Genes & Behavior
Link ID: 10274 - Posted: 06.24.2010

A new study supports earlier estimates of the prevalence of bipolar disorder in the U.S. population, and suggests the illness may be more accurately characterized as a spectrum disorder. It also finds that many people with the illness are not receiving appropriate treatment. The study, published in the May 2007 issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, analyzed data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationwide survey of mental disorders among 9,282 Americans ages 18 and older. The NCS-R was funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). NIMH researcher Kathleen Merikangas, Ph.D. and colleagues identified prevalence rates of three subtypes of bipolar spectrum disorder among adults. Bipolar I is considered the classic form of the illness, in which a person experiences recurrent episodes of mania and depression. People with bipolar II experience a milder form of mania called hypomania that alternates with depressive episodes. People with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BD-NOS), sometimes called subthreshold bipolar disorder, have manic and depressive symptoms as well, but they do not meet strict criteria for any specific type of bipolar disorder noted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the reference manual for psychiatric disorders. Nonetheless, BD-NOS still can significantly impair those who have it. The results indicate that bipolar I and bipolar II each occur in about 1 percent of the population; BD-NOS occurs in about 2.4 percent of the population.

Keyword: Schizophrenia
Link ID: 10273 - Posted: 06.24.2010

WASHINGTON, DC– In adult monkeys, an antidepressant treatment has induced new nerve cell growth in the hippocampus, a brain area responsible for learning and memory. A similar process may occur in humans, the research suggests, and may help explain the effectiveness of antidepressant treatments. The results, the first from nonhuman primates, are similar to those previously seen in rodents. They suggest that creation of new nerve cells, a process known as neurogenesis, is an important part of antidepressant therapy. Researcher Tarique Perera, MD, at Columbia University, and colleagues observed changes in the number of brain cells in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus. The study is published in the May 2 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience. The growth of new nerve cells in the hippocampus has been suggested as the way antidepressants work in rodents, says Eric Nestler, MD, PhD, of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. "However, the clinical relevance of this action has remained controversial, in part, because of uncertainty as to whether similar neurogenesis occurs in humans," he says. "This finding further supports the potential clinical relevance of changes in neurogenesis seen in rodent models." Perera and the team treated a group of monkeys with electroconvulsive shock (ECS), an animal version of the highly effective clinical antidepressant electroconvulsive therapy. They saw an increase in new nerve cells in the hippocampus. Over four weeks, a majority of these cells became mature neurons.

Keyword: Depression; Neurogenesis
Link ID: 10272 - Posted: 06.24.2010

INDIANAPOLIS- Does the time of year in which a child is conceived influence future academic achievement? Yes, according to research by neonatologist Paul Winchester, M.D., Indiana University School of Medicine professor of clinical pediatrics. Dr. Winchester, who studied 1,667,391 Indiana students, presents his finding on May 7 at the Pediatric Academic Societies' annual meeting. Dr. Winchester and colleagues linked the scores of the students in grades 3 through 10 who took the Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress (ISTEP) examination with the month in which each student had been conceived. The researchers found that ISTEP scores for math and language were distinctly seasonal with the lowest scores received by children who had been conceived in June through August. Why might children conceived in June through August have the lowest ISTEP scores? "The fetal brain begins developing soon after conception. The pesticides we use to control pests in fields and our homes and the nitrates we use to fertilize crops and even our lawns are at their highest level in the summer," said Dr. Winchester, who also directs Newborn Intensive Care Services at St. Francis Hospital in Indianapolis. "Exposure to pesticides and nitrates can alter the hormonal milieu of the pregnant mother and the developing fetal brain," said Dr. Winchester.

Keyword: Biological Rhythms; Neurotoxins
Link ID: 10271 - Posted: 05.07.2007

By LISA SANDERS, M.D. It was the tuna salad sandwich that did it, the patient told me many days later. He was eating the sandwich when an excruciating pain tore through his throat, his jaw, his ear. He dropped to the floor and grabbed his face. He rubbed, he massaged, he flexed his jaw. Nothing he did relieved the knife-stroke of pain that consumed the entire right side of his face. After what seemed an eternity but was probably only a few minutes, the pain began to ebb. After another 10 to 15 minutes, it receded to the persistent ache that had been his constant companion for the past two weeks. It all started out as a sore throat. He thought maybe he was coming down with a virus. A couple of days later, his teeth began to hurt. Not all of them. Just the last two molars in the back, on the right. Eating or drinking anything — hot or cold — would set off a pain like the one caused by eating ice cream too fast, only much, much worse. It was by far the most severe pain he’d had since he passed a kidney stone — an event he could still vividly recall after more than 20 years. The gnawing ache sent him to the mirror to look for a possible source. He poked and prodded his teeth. Nothing. He’d gone to the dentist for his annual checkup just a couple of weeks earlier and received a clean bill of health. Then why did his teeth hurt so much? Over the next several days, the pain spread to the entire right half of his face. It was as if he had a sore throat, a toothache and an earache all at the same time. Constantly. Every now and then, especially when he ate or drank, paroxysms of pain would shoot from throat to ear. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Pain & Touch
Link ID: 10270 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By EMILY BAZELON If you had to choose, would you rather be fat or blind? When a researcher asked that question of a group of formerly obese people, 89 percent said they would prefer to lose their sight than their hard-won slimness. “When you’re blind, people want to help you. No one wants to help you when you’re fat,” one explained. Ninety-one percent of the group also chose having a leg amputated over a return to obesity. This is shocking. But it seems less so by the end of “Rethinking Thin,” a new book about obesity by Gina Kolata, a science reporter for The New York Times. Kolata argues that being fat is not something people have much control over. Most people who are overweight struggle to change their shape throughout their lives, but remain stuck within a relatively narrow weight range set by their genes. For those determined to foil biology, strict dieting is a life sentence. “I am a fat man in a thin man’s body,” an M.I.T. obesity researcher who shed his unwanted pounds years ago tells Kolata. He’s one of the lucky and single-minded few. Study after study, Kolata notes, has shown that for most fat people the long-term rewards of dieting are modest at best. Yet as obesity rates have skyrocketed, exhortations to eat right, exercise and shed pounds have gone from loud to shrill. Kolata’s understandable sympathy for those caught between the ever intensifying pressure to be thin and the stubborn size of their bodies, however, leads her to flirt with an unlikely conclusion: Maybe the outcry over obesity is itself supersized, and being fat isn’t really unhealthy after all. Copyright 2007 The New York Times Company

Keyword: Obesity
Link ID: 10269 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Will Boggs, MD NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - In individuals older than 65 with severe Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation reduces motor complications but does not improve quality of life, a new study finds. But patients with severe Parkinson's disease who are younger than age 65 are apt to see both a lessening of motor disturbances and improvement in quality of life with the treatment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that causes tremor, muscle rigidity and movement problems. It is usually treated with medication. When that fails, deep brain stimulation may be an option. The technique involves electrodes implanted in the brain and electrically stimulated to ease movement problems. "Lack of quality-of-life improvement ... raises the question of whether deep brain stimulation is appropriate for the parkinsonian population over 65 years old," Dr. Philippe-Pierre Derost from Hopital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France told Reuters Health. Derost and associates investigated the effects, safety, and quality of life after deep brain stimulation in 87 patients with Parkinson's disease. Fifty-three of them were younger than 65 years of age, and 34 were 65 or older. © 1996-2007 Scientific American, Inc

Keyword: Parkinsons
Link ID: 10268 - Posted: 06.24.2010

By Virginia Morell Winning an Academy Award almost guarantees an actor more fame, money, and scripts. Now a new study adds another perk: evolutionary fitness. Actors who get the award tend to have more children than the national average, according to the analysis. One idea is that the coveted golden statue, like a male peacock's elaborate feathers, announces to all prospective mates the superiority of its owner. Although the work suffers from some shortcomings, it does offer a lesson: The reproductive lives of the rich and famous are just as constrained by basic biology as those of many other animals. "This is a clever study and a fun dataset," says Michael Ryan, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas in Austin. Academy Awards are already known to correlate with life span. For example, actors who win live longer than those who go home empty-handed (ScienceNOW, 18 May 2001). So it was natural to ask whether snagging an Oscar also confers reproductive fitness, says Mark Hauber, a behavioral ecologist at New Zealand's University of Auckland, and an avid watcher of the telecast. Rolling up his sleeves, Hauber dug into the demographics on 59 actresses and 37 actors, including their ages, number of legal spouses and biological children, and Academy Awards (in the lead and/or supporting role) between 1929 and 2001. He found that male Academy winners have an average of almost four children, with Marlon Brando holding the record of 11 children. In comparison, ordinary Joes in the U.S. have just 1.2 kids on average. "It was surprising to me," Hauber says. Why might male actors do so much better? Hauber speculates that the award might be an "honest signal" of quality to potential mates. © 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science

Keyword: Sexual Behavior; Evolution
Link ID: 10267 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Will Knight Robotic and uncrewed submersibles could operate more effectively by mimicking the way some fish probe their surroundings with electric fields, say researchers. Many marine and freshwater fish can sense electric fields, but some also generate their own weak fields over short ranges to help navigate, identify objects, and even communicate with other fish. Malcolm MacIver and colleagues at Northwestern University in Chicago, US, studying the biomechanics of these "weakly electric fish", have now come up with an artificial electric-field sensing system. They say it could ultimately give robot submersibles the same additional sensory capabilities. "Currently, no vehicle is manoeuvrable enough to do work in tight quarters, such as coral reef monitoring, underwater structural inspection, or searching a submerged vessel," MacIver told New Scientist. "To do so requires not only a high amount of agility, but also being able to sense in all directions, so that you do not collide with nearby obstacles. Electro-location is perfect for this." Field disturbancesThe researcher's electro-location system consists of two field-emitting electrodes and two voltage-sensing electrodes. These electrode pairs are arranged at opposite corners of a diamond, and were submerged in shallow water for testing purposes. © Copyright Reed Business Information Ltd.

Keyword: Animal Communication
Link ID: 10266 - Posted: 06.24.2010

Patrick L. Barry Chimpanzees and bonobos can communicate with greater flexibility using hand gestures than they can with facial expressions or vocalizations, new research shows. Their use of hand motions to convey different meanings in different circumstances suggests that gestures may have played an important part in the evolution of language. Researchers speculate about how prehuman species developed the capacity for complex language. One theory suggests that humans' apelike ancestors first communicated through gestures. Once the neural circuits for gesture-based language had evolved, those same brain areas could have switched over to verbal communication. Indeed, research has shown that modern apes use the same area of the brain to interpret hand signals as humans use to process spoken language. Working at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Frans B.M. de Waal and Amy S. Pollick observed communications among 34 captive chimpanzees and among 13 captive bonobos, also known as pygmy chimpanzees. The researchers logged every hand gesture, facial expression, and vocal cry that one animal directed at another. They also noted the social context—playing, grooming, fighting, having sex, eating, and so on—in which each signal occurred. ©2007 Science Service.

Keyword: Language; Evolution
Link ID: 10265 - Posted: 06.24.2010